The Loss of a President :: essays papers

The Loss of a President On November 22, 1963 at 12:30 P.M., the 35th President of the United States, John F. Kennedy, was shot and murdered while riding through the avenues of Dallas, Texas in an open limousine with spouse Jackie Kennedy, and Governor John Connally. This single occasion in history has made more discussion than some other. Still today, more than 27 a long time after the shooting, there is still theory with respect to who killed John F. Kennedy. Today, such a large number of potential hypotheses remain, it is difficult to figure out what really occurred. Today numerous individuals accept that it was Lee Harvey Oswald that killed JFK. They accept that he was only a â€Å"lone nut† carrying on of his own emotions, and he was not impacted by any other individual. Numerous others accept there was an intrigue set up by the CIA to murder President Kennedy, and others accept that it was Communist Russians. In my paper I will attempt to clarify a portion of the hypotheses as clear as could be expected under the circumstances, and let you choose for yourself what you accept happened November 22, 1963. In the event that Lee Harvey Oswald was not the professional killer as thought, who else would potentially need the president dead? The Mafia Hostile to Castro Cubans The CIA Socialist Russians. At the point when John F. Kennedy became president, he had numerous extraordinary aspirations. He needed to haul more soldiers out of Vietnam and reduce the war exertion, cut back on sorted out wrongdoing, end the Cuban Missile Crisis, and breaking point the intensity of the CIA. With these aspirations it is nothing unexpected he made such huge numbers of new foes, some in any event, being in the US government itself. A large number of these new foes he had found were exceptionally amazing, and would remain determined to see his new ways reach a conclusion, regardless of whether it implied executing him. Not long after the episode, the legislature established the Warren Commission, and a government examination started on the death. The Warren Commission was a bunch made of â€Å"outstanding citizens† to find out, assess and report upon the realities identifying with the death ... what's more, the resulting savage demise of the man accused of the death Lee Harvey Oswald.† The Commission was told by the government to inspect proof delivered to them by the FBI (Federal Bureau of Examination), or and some other association or individual. With the assessment of the proof, the Commission was then to settle on a choice on precisely what happened that day. In less than seven days the Commission had the option to arrive at the resolution that Lee

Economic consequences of immigration on socioeconomic activities

Chapter by chapter list Introduction Wages settlers get Treatment by standard American culture Occupation of incompetent outsiders Long-term financial portability The work they give Works Cited Introduction Immigration starting with one nation then onto the next affects the monetary status of the host nation. Fundamentally, movement centers around two parts of the economy, which are impact of migration on work market and its impact on monetary market. Movement impacts the work advertise on the off chance that it influences the circulation and size of the goal country.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on Economic outcomes of migration on financial exercises explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The monetary market takes a gander at the results on the manageability of the open spending plan through the commitment of the migrants. Workers add to financial market through assessments and then again, they get open exchanges, which at long last bring the issue of maintainability and dispersion in the nation (Polachek 2006). Wages foreigners get Migrant laborers get low pay in the US. Settlers who work in ranches are the ones who are generally influenced. They work in the ranches since ranch work is accessible and their installment is under the table and beneath the lowest pay permitted by law prerequisite. There are work allegations about the measure of cash paid to the migrants with many supporting for low wages because of their freshness. Treatment by standard American culture There is an expanded degree of enthusiasm for settlers by the network particularly the nearby government because of their potential financial commitment. Network pioneers additionally see migrants as adding to social life due advantages, for example, social trades, nourishments and amusement which at long last increment intercultural understanding. Then again, migrants are seen as security dangers. They are individuals who are a danger to national security partic ularly after the September 11 assault on the US (Polachek 2006). Control of untalented workers Most of the foreigners speak to an enormous number of individuals in the work power. There is a typical conviction that workers do tasks that Americans won't do. They work in family unit administrations, angling, cultivating, and ranger service. Migrants in these occupations are modest paid and they work for extended periods of time. Different occupations where outsiders work are in workmanship and art, fix and upkeep, exactness creation, managerial help, constructing agents and machine administrators. It isn't consistent with state that migrants just do tasks that not done by Americans. Workers have work as specialists and medical attendants, in inexpensive food stores and in retail outlets around the nation (Smith 2009). Long haul financial versatility Economic vagrants moving to America experience gains in salary. Their word related status in contrast with locals typically has a descend ing portability at the purpose of relocation. Because of this, they work in low pay occupations and they face a great deal of joblessness than the locals. This descending portability brought about by a few elements. Most outsiders have no proper instruction and they need experience in this way bosses do no search for them.Advertising Looking for paper on business financial matters? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Second, a significant number of them need language aptitudes to perform employments. Thusly, they descend the word related stepping stool to employments that needn't bother with correspondence. Different purposes behind the social financial portability are advertise disappointments. Outsiders experience issues in getting accreditations required in the market. Thirdly, most settlers need information on nearby work market or they need organizes that would associate them with occupations that need their abilities. The wo rk they give Most of the outsiders are prepared to give work in all divisions. They are prepared to acknowledge low wages and, bosses look for foreigners for their work. Passage of migrants in the work advertise doesn't dislodge locals since they give their work in unmistakable parts of the economy. In any case, this supposition that is exceptionally defective since the economy won't into two occupation types, one for locals, and the other for settlers. It is hard to draw an away from between the kind of employments done by the locals and those done by workers. The untalented outsiders give adaptable work to numerous organizations. The workers have no aptitude and thusly they do the majority of the manual occupations that are incompetent (Smith 2009). Works Cited Polachek, Solomon. The Economics of Immigration And Social Diversit, New York: Emerald Group Publishing, 2006. Print. Smith, James . The New Americans: Economic, Demographic, and Fiscal Effects of Immigration. New York: Nat ional Academies Press, 2009. Print. This paper on Economic results of movement on financial exercises was composed and put together by client Mitchell Avery to help you with your own investigations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; be that as it may, you should refer to it as needs be. You can give your paper here.

Writing An Essay For College

Writing An Essay For CollegeIf you want to help make your application essay for college stand out, you should focus on your interests and qualifications. Let's take a look at what these topics mean in this context and see if they're really the best topics to write about.Interest: You want to think about the subject that most interests you. You can do this by describing some of your personal experiences in that area. This may be a hobby, interest, or passion for your life.Remember that you are applying to a college and it will be your responsibility to convince them that you are the right person for the job. Your application essay for college will show the admissions committee that you have the ability to perform the duties required of a college student. They will also want to know that you can handle that level of responsibility.Qualifications: This is the other half of your essay. You will want to list those qualifications that will help the college to see that you are qualified to attend their school. In other words, you will need to make sure that you can demonstrate that you can participate in the program. You will also need to show that you have the knowledge, skills, and personality required to get the degree that you are seeking.The last thing you need to do in this essay is focused on any specific requirements of the college that you are applying to. You can start by listing those that are given to all new students. Next, you need to list those requirements that apply to your course of study. Some examples include things like the number of credit hours required for a particular degree program, a minimum GPA requirement, a minimum grade point average requirement, etc.In your essay, you will then need to introduce yourself briefly and in an introductory paragraph. You should give your contact information and your name. Now that you have these basics down, the rest is up to you. You may choose to personalize your essay by using colors, pictures, dates, and names.In your conclusion, you can talk about those important details you were able to talk about in your introduction paragraph. For example, you can talk about some of the difficulties you encountered and what you did to overcome them. You can also talk about the value of the education that you received and the reasons why you would like to attend college.Writing your application essay for college is something that you can be proud of when you complete it. It is also something that you should keep in mind as you research college programs to help you understand how your application will be evaluated.

Arbitration in India - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2784 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Analytical essay Tags: India Essay Did you like this example? The rapid increase in trade, commerce and investment along with growing demand of asserting legal claims has led to streamlining of dispute resolution system in developing countries throughout the world. Litigation in many developing countries are confronted with numerous defects which have resulted in the evolution of the concept of alternative dispute resolution mechanism. With the march of time, the alternative forum of dispute resolution has gained importance and prominence in the world by empowering the ordinary litigants with promptness, affordability, impartial decision making, reasonable solutions and efficiency. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Arbitration in India" essay for you Create order Arbitration is one of such being one such speedy and efficacious system of alternative dispute resolution for doing appropriate justice to the parties who are in need of the same[1]. In developing countries due to high population, the litigative nature of the individual and backwardness of technology and infrastructure has made judiciary collapse under the pressure of large number of cases pending for disposal. The high cost, un-necessary delays, lack of brevity and privacy in the process of litigation have compelled nations and individualà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s to search for alternative dispute resolution mechanism[2]. One of the solutions for the increase clogging of the judiciary is to develop alternative dispute resolution mechanism which can be done through the development of Arbitration which is known as private litigation. So Arbitration may be defined à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“ A reference of a dispute or difference between not less than two parties for determination after hearing both sides in a judicial manner by a persons or person other than court of competent jurisdictionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [3]. The principle of Arbitration includes a fair resolution of disputes by an impartial body without unnecessary delay or expense and without interference by the courts. Therefore, arbitration which was similar to litigation in the private sector seemed conducive to provide a support system to the overburdened and inefficient system of adjudication. India is not new to Arbitration process. Start of Arbitration process is lost in the mist of time with no record indicating how Arbitration process started in India. Nevertheless, the law and practice of private and transactional commercial dispute without the court intervention can found in the haze of Indian history. The Arbitration model in India is mainly based around the role of panchayat at grass root level. The panchayat were known since time immemorial that made introduction to Arbitration and acceptance much easier. The panchayat were group of five elderly people who would guide the villagers to settle their dispute. In some cases, the panch more resembled a judicial court; they could intervene on the complaint of one party and not necessarily on the agreement of both, for example in the case of caste matter. However, in most cases, the arbitral award was made by an agreement between the parties[4]. In the absence of serious flaws or misconduct, by and large, the courts have given recognition to the awards of the panchayat. For instance, Sitanna v Viranna, the Privy Council affirmed an award of the panchayat in a family dispute challenged after 42 years. These arbitral bodies dealt with a variety of disputes, such as disputes of contractual, matrimonial and even of a criminal nature. The Raja was the ultimate arbitrator of all disputes. However, with change in socio-economic conditions of the people with the changing times, the role of such conventional arbitral bodies appeared to be inadequate and out-dated[5]. During Muslim rule, all Muslims were governed by the Islamic laws- The Sharia is contained in Hedaya. The non- Muslims continued to be governed by their own personal law which has been compendiously collected as Hindu law. However, for transactions between Muslims and Non-Muslims a hybrid system of arbitration law developed. The Hedaya contains the provisions for Arbitration between parties. The practice of recourse to arbitration which evolved up to the end of Mughal Empire, continued even during the British period in different parts of the country. Under the British rule the East India Company did not change the law relating to arbitration prevalent in the country at the time, they came into power. But between the years 1772 and 1827 the government enacted legislation to enact law relating to arbitration by making regulations in three Presidency towns- Calcutta[6], Bombay[7] and Madras[8], in exercise of the powers given to them by British parliament. Thes e regulation lacked clarity and detail. The law governing arbitration in a formal sense was first introduced by the British with the creation of the Bengal Regulations in 1772. Bengal Regulation 1772 and 1781 made a provision that parties can refer the dispute to the arbitrator and such arbitrator must be appointed by mutual agreement between the parties and the award of the arbitrator shall amount to decree of a civil court. Madras Regulation IV of 1816 formulated a scheme for working the panchayat system in villages and to encourage village people to solve their problems. Bombay Regulation VII of 1827 made a special provision for arbitration. It provided for arbitration through their intervention of the court with one rider that suit must not be pending. In the year 1859 the Act VII of 1859 was passed and it codified the procedure of civil court. Provision of chapter VI was incorporated in the Act[9]. Prior to 1899 there was no particular law dealing with the arbitration in India. In the year 1899, the British enacted the Indian Arbitration Act 1899 which was modelled upon the British Arbitration Act of 1899. Though this was the first substantive piece on legislation on arbitration, in India, its provision just affirmed to presidency town Bombay, Calcutta and madras In the year 1908 Civil Procedure Code was enacted and it repealed the earlier code of 1859. Section 89 and Second Schedule of the code contained detailed provisions of arbitration in respect of the subject matter of the suit through arbitration without court intervention[10]. The working of Arbitration Act 1899 presented complex and cumbersome problems, ad judicial opinion started voicing its displeasure and dissatisfaction with the prevailing state of the arbitration law. The judicial reprimand as well as clamour of the commercial community led to the enactment of a consolidating and amending legislation. The Arbitration Act 1940 (Act No 10 of 1940), which consolidated and amended as law relating to arbitration as contained in the Indian Arbitration Act, 1899 and the second schedule to the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908. It was to a great extent based on the English Arbitration Act of 1934 and came into force on 1st July, 1940. It extends to whole of India except Jammu and Kashmir. This Act dealt with broadly three kinds of arbitration: (i) arbitration without intervention of a court, (ii) arbitration with intervention of court where no suit is pending before court, and (iii) arbitration in suits. It applied to all arbitrations, including statutory arbitrations as per the Arbitration Act 1940[11]. The Arbitration Act, 1940 which was only applicable to domestic arbitration, required intervention of the court in all the three stages of arbitration, such as, prior to the reference of the dispute to the arbitral tribunal, during the continuance of the proceedings before the arbitral tribunal, and after the award was passed by the arbitral tribunal, for ensurin g due compliance with the provisions of Arbitration Act, 1940. While the 1940 Act was thought to be a decent piece of legislation. But in its actual operation and execution by all the concerned parties, arbitrators, lawyers and the courts it proved to be ineffective and was broadly understood to have become out-dated[12]. Arbitration proceedings under the 1940 Act has degenerated into a legal quagmire which left the parties, irrespective of whether they win or lose, impoverished in terms of time and money. The Supreme Court itself lamented over the state of affairs in 1981 by observing: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“However, the way in which the proceeding under the Act are conducted and without exception challenged in the courts has made lawyers laugh philosopher weep. Experience shows and law reports bear ample testimony that the proceeding under the act have become technical accompanied by unending prolixity at every stage providing a legal trap to the unwaryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [13]. Th e globalisation of trade and commerce and the necessity for effective implementation of economic reforms necessitated re-drafting of the Indian Arbitration Act of 1940 with a view to ensuring smooth and prompt settlement of domestic as well as international commercial disputes. The law commission of India, in its 76th report in November, 1978 had already recommended for updating the Arbitration Act of 1940 to meet the challenges of a modern developing country like India. Besides, several other representative bodies of trade and commerce including legal experts had also given valuable proposals for significant changes in the body of existing arbitration law of India which were beset with several deficiencies and lacunas. As a result of these demands, the Arbitration and Conciliation Bill, 1996 was promulgated through ordinance by the President of India and as the parliament could not pass the said Bill within the stipulated time, the ordinance had to be promulgated twice until it was passed and it got final assent of the President of India on 16th August, 1996. The Act came to be known as the Arbitration and Conciliation Act of 1996 and was effective from 25th January, 1996[14]. THE ARBITRATION AND CONCILIATION ACT, 1996:- Before the enactment of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 the law on arbitration in India was substantially contained in three enactments, namely the Arbitration Act, 1940, the Arbitration (protocol and convention) Act, 1937 and the Foreign Awards Act 1961. In the statement of objects and reasons appended to the Bill it was stated that the Arbitration Act, 1940 which contained the general law on Arbitration, had become out-dated. The said objects and reasonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s stated that the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) adopted in 1985 Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration. The General Assembly recommended that all the countries should give due consideration to the said Model Law w hich along with the rules, was stated to have harmonized concepts on Arbitration and Conciliation of different legal systems of the world and contained provisionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s which had universal applicationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s. The above statement of objects and reasons also states that though the said UNCITRAL Model Law and Rules are intended to deal with international commercial arbitration and conciliation they could with appropriate modifications serve as a Model Law for enactments relating to domestic arbitration and conciliation. The present bill seeks to consolidate and amend the law relating to domestic arbitration, international commercial arbitration, enforcement of foreign awards and to define law relating to conciliation, taking into account the said UNCITRAL Model Law and Rules[15]. Salient Features of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996[16]: A Comprehensive Statute- The Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 which is mainly based on the UNCITRAL Model Law relating to international commercial arbitrations is a comprehensive statue relating to arbitration law in India, since it covers all the relevant provisions relating to domestic, international and interstate arbitrationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s as per the said UNITRAL Model Law. The act also recognises Conciliation as a means of settlement of commercial disputes along with Arbitration. The act is more comprehensive that the Arbitration Act, 1940 because the Arbitration Act, 1996 contains provisions relating to both domestic and international Arbitration, while the Arbitration Act, 1940 contains provisions only to domestic arbitrations. An Explanatory Code- The Arbitration Act, 1996 is an explanatory and complete code in itself, as it contains necessary provisions relating to both domestic and international arbitration and also for the first time confers the status of tribunal to the arbitrators, which is a significant over the old Arbitration Act, 1940. Curtailment of the Court Powers- The Act of 1940 allowed the Civil Courts to intervene in the arbitral proceedings matter. As a result of such interference the arbitral tribunal could not function effectively. The Act of 1996 has limited the powers of the court and restricted the exercise of judicial power. As provided under Sec 5 of Act, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Notwithstanding anything contained in any law for the time being in force, in matters governed by this part, no judicial authority shall intervene except where so provided in this part.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Further, Sec 35 of the Act states that subject to this part, the arbitral award will be final and binding upon the parties. Sec 36 provides for enforcement of award without intervention of the court. Procedure for conduct of Arbitration and Awards in detail- Chapter V of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 provides for detailed procedure and practice for conduct of arbitration and rendering of Arbitration awards. PrÃÆ' ©cised power of the court- The Act of 1996 has curtailed the powers of the court by taking assistance only in particular matters. The Courtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s support could be looked in taking evidence only with prior approval of the arbitration tribunal, as per Section 27(1) of the Act. In matter of jurisdiction as per Section 42 of the 1996 Act states that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“where with respect to an arbitration agreement any application has been presented in a court, that particular court will alone have jurisdiction over arbitral proceedingsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Power of arbitrators Enhanced- A comparison of the provision of the Arbitration Act, 1996 with that of the Arbitration Act, 1940 goes to indicate that the new Act has increased the powers of arbitrators in respect of jurisdiction of Arbitration Tribunals and also competency of the arbitrators to rule. A new form of Conciliation- Part III of the 1996 Act deals with internationalised conciliation approach and clarifies the application and scope of conciliation for effective resolution of commercial dispute. Section 63 of the Act specifies the number of conciliators to be appointed by the parties to the agreement. International Applicability- The old Arbitration Act of 1940, had no provision for interim awards to be made by a foreign tribunal, but the new Act of 1996, has provision for applicability of Foreign Arbitral Tribunals Awards. The Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 which replaced the old 1940 Act, was passed with a view to provide an efficient and expeditious dispute resolution system, which would instil confidence in the minds of the foreign investors in the reliability and effectiveness of the Indian dispute resolution system, as well as for attracting foreign investments in India. The Arbitration Act, 1996 which has been enacted as per the UNCITRAL Model Law, has even surpassed the scope and limits of the said Model Law in certain respects. First, while the UNICITRAL Model Law only applies to international Commercial arbitrations[17], the Arbitration Act, 1996 applies both to international and domestic arbitrations. Secondly, the 1996 Act goes beyond the UNICITRAL Model Law in the area of minimizing judicial intervention[18]. The changes which were brought by the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 in the Indian arbitration system which were prevalent under the 1940 arbitration act, was d one in a very hasty and quick fashion, without recourse to a judicious debate regarding the changes to be brought by the 1996 act as well as without any appropriate understanding of the legislative changes enunciated by the said act[19]. The Law Commission of India in its 176th report submitted to the government of India had given a number of useful recommendations for bringing desired changes in the Arbitration Act, 1996, so as to do away with the deficiencies and lacunas of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996, which has been experienced during the working of the said Act. In response to the recommendations of the Law Commission, the Government of India introduced the Arbitration and Conciliation (Amendment) Bill, 2003, in Parliament for amending the 1996 Act. The said Bill has not yet matured into legislation, as during the said period the government of India, the Ministry of Law and Justice, appointed a Committee popularly known as the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Justice Saraf Commi ttee on Arbitrationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, to study in depth the implications of the recommendations of the Law Commission of India contained in its 176th Report and the Arbitration and Conciliation (Amendment) Bill, 2003. The Committee submitted its report in January 2005. 1 | Page [1]Namrata Shah, Niyati Gandhi, Arbitration: One Size Does Not Fit All: Necessity of Developing Institutional Arbitration in Developing Countries, 6 J. Intl Com. L. Tech. 4, 232-234 (2011). [2]Id. [3] OP Malhotra Indu Malhotra, THE LAW AND PRACTICES OF ARBITRATION AND CONCILIATION 4, (LexisNexis Butterworthà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s, New Delhi, 2d ed. 2012). [4] Id. [5]AIR 1934 PC 105, 107. [6]Bengal Regulation I of 1772. [7]Bombay Regulations I of 1799, IV and VI of 1827. [8]Madras Regulation I of 1802 and Regulations IV, VI and VII of 1822. [9] Sukumar Ray, ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION 12-14 (Eastern Law House, Calcutta, 2012). [10] Id. [11]P.C Rao and William Sheffield, ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION 34 (Universal Law Publishing Co.Pvt.Ltd, New Delhi, 2002). [12] Krishna Sarma, MomotaOinam, AngshumanKaushik, Development and Practice of Arbitration in India à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"Has it Evolved as an Effective Legal Institution, CDDRL WORKING PAPERS 103 , 3 ( 2009). [13]Guru Nanak Foundation v. Rattan Singh Ors, (1981)4 SCC 634. [14] Dr. N. V. Paranjape, LAW RELATING TO ARBITRATION AND CONCILIATION IN INDIA 4-5, ( Central Law Agency, Allahabad, 4th ed, 2011). [15] Dr. S. C. Tripathi, ARBITRATION, CONCILIATION AND ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION SYSTEM 6-7, (Central Law Publications, Allahabad, 2nd Ed, 2002). [16]Id. [17] UNCITRAL Model Law, Article 1. [18] S.K Dholakia, Analytical Appraisal of the Arbitration and Conciliation (Amendment) Bill 2003, ICAà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Arbitration Quarterly, ICA, New Delhi, vol. XXXIX/ NO.4, pg.3 (2005). [19] Sundaram Finanace vs. NEPC Ltd, (1999) 2 SCC 479.

Social Characters In Of Mice And Men By John Steinbeck

The story, â€Å"Of Mice and Men† describes of the lives of migrant workers in a cruel tale about how the strong men of the world conspire to beat the weak. Despite the fact that broader themes do exist, Of Mice and Men describes of the horrendous effects that isolation has on the lives of the migrant workers living near the Soledad river. The author, John Steinbeck, suggests that when migrant workers experience the excessive isolation to the degree of the characters, they become malicious and aggressive individuals who set out to stigmatize interpersonal relationships, tarnish individual reputations, and distort realities to make isolation become a social norm. Throughout the story, Steinbeck develops the ideas that people who†¦show more content†¦Slim, at the first sight of a friendship, is shocked to see something he obviously has not experienced, hinting to the reader that Slim just had become so used to the effects of isolation that his distorted picture of reali ty startles him at the smallest sign of any relationship, stable or not. Steinbeck, towards the middle of the story, began to develop a broader theme much more applicable to modern life, that isolation creates individuals set out to be mean spirited and aggressive. Those individuals, however, can be helped through simple human contact or by just talking to someone trusted. Ordinarily, any normal migrant worker in the story would sleep in the main house with the rest of the pack, however, the character of crooks sleeps in a barn with only himself and a litter of puppies to keep him ‘company’. Notwithstanding the general rules of the farm, as Lennie, the other protagonist, approached Crooks, he scolded him, saying, â€Å"Nobody got any right in here but me† (68) when referencing his barn. Crooks, a man who experiences nothing but isolation on that farm, now is accustomed to the presence of nobody, prompting him to become jarred at the sight of another man coming to that farm. Crooks’ reaction proves George’s earlier statement aboutShow MoreRelatedJohn Steinbeck: An American Writer During the Great Depression1315 Words   |  6 Pagesthe difficult situations, American writers turned their focus to social problems and issues. They were motivated to arouse sympathy for the suffering of common people, especially those at the very bottom of the society. (Wang, 2012) John Steinbeck (1902-1968), born in Salinas, California, is one of the most significant and representative American writers in that era. He is the winner of the Noble Prize for Literature in 1962. John Steinbeck’s living experience in California had a great influenceRead MoreJohn Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men1319 Words   |  6 PagesBryann Cervantes AP English IV Mrs. Batey Of Mice and Men To most, John Steinbeck’s Of Mice and Men is a revered novel on racial segregation in the United States. This text has been remarkably controversial because of the way it deals with difficult issues regarding race and the American dream; however, despite its disputable history, it is an incredibly important book that is used to study many aspects of race relations in the United States in the early to mid twentieth century, more specificallyRead MoreThe Grapes Of Wrath And Of Mice And Men1644 Words   |  7 PagesJohnson Research Paper John Steinbeck is an American author of 27 books, widely known for award winning novels, The Grapes of Wrath and Of Mice and Men; Steinbeck is also a Nobel Prize winning of Literature. 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The author describes Lennie to the readers as an innocent, childlike character who is misunderstand by the people surroundingRead More Truths Exposed in John Steinbecks Of Mice and Men Essay1045 Words   |  5 PagesTruths Exposed in Of Mice and Men  Ã‚        Ã‚   John Steinbecks timeless novel Of Mice and Men is a somewhat controversial story of the hardships of life. To illustrate these hardships, Steinbeck takes the reader back to an era of bankruptcies, migrant workers, and drifters. Today, this time, the 1930s, is branded the Great Depression. The quest of George and Lennie, two migrant workers, is an example of the dilemma of thousands of homeless and unemployed men in America during the Great DepressionRead MoreUnderstanding Steinbeck, His Work, And The Criticism. Many1693 Words   |  7 PagesUnderstanding Steinbeck, His Work, and The Criticism Many writers throughout history have endured both positive and negative criticism of their works. Just as John Steinbeck introduced to us â€Å"Of Mice and Men† in 1937, he faced both biographical and historical Criticism. Mr. Steinbeck was on point with his writing in the ways that he made clear to the reader just what he was talking about. He made it possible for the reader to sink deeply into the story and feel as though they are walking right alongsideRead MoreAnalysis of Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck1493 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis of ‘Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck ‘Of Mice And Men by John Steinbeck is a classic novel, tragedy, written in a social tone. The authorial attitude is idyllic, however, as the story develops it changes into skeptic. It is evident that Steinbeck knew the setting and places he is writing about. In my opinion Steinbeck drew the subject matter from his own experience of working on ranches, he was interested in special kinds of relationships among men working on ranches with him. ThereRead MoreEssay about Analysis of ‘Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck 1488 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis of ‘Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck ‘Of Mice And Men by John Steinbeck is a classic novel, tragedy, written in a social tone. The authorial attitude is idyllic, however, as the story develops it changes into skeptic. It is evident that Steinbeck knew the setting and places he is writing about. Read MoreUnderdogs in of Mice and MEn1348 Words   |  6 Pages Analysis of ‘Underdog’ Characters in Of Mice and Men â€Å"A guy needs somebody – to be near him.† He whined, â€Å"A guy goes nuts if he ain’t got nobody†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (John Steinbeck 72). Love and belonging, is the third most important need in Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. As human beings, being a part of something is crucial to our development as a person. People can go insane if they live a life of isolation. In John Steinbeck’s novella, Of Mice and Men, the characters of Candy, Crooks, and Curley’s wife are drivenRead MoreWhat Is John Steinbecks Theme Of The American Dream831 Words   |  4 PagesJohn Steinbeck describes a world where the American Dream was a wonderful dream to live but very difficult to live because of the challenges. In the 1930s, the Great Depression was occurring and it was horrible. During this time it was very disturbing how many people were living because they could not afford anything. The American dream was honesty not very achievable during this time period. Man y people John Steinbeck reveals the reality of the 1930s in his novel. Steinbeck’s purpose in writing

Human Trafficking Throughout the U.S Essay - 1763 Words

The trafficking of human beings has evolved and become more universal and serious over the years. Trafficking of people is equivalent to modern day slavery. The duties and expectations of these people are outrageously irrational. The victims are forced to do unthinkable tasks for people they may or may not know. Anyone can be a leader or a victim of human trafficking. Victims of trafficking programs span from an extensive variety of women, children, and men ranging widely in age. There are two very diverse trafficking programs: sex trafficking and labor trafficking. Sex trafficking, the most common of the two trafficking programs, can also be referred to as sex slavery. The sex trafficking occurs when the unwilling are being forced to†¦show more content†¦II. What makes someone choose to be in the human trafficking business? In reality, not everyone has a pleasant family life. Unfortunately, some children are forced to grow up with drug-addicted parents who do not care if their child has clothes on their backs and a roof over their heads. More and more kids have to grow up with emotional vulnerability and â€Å"homelessness.† The children having to grow up with this kind of home life have not had the pampering of their mothers or the guidance of their fathers; this may cause them to be more likely to veer off on the wrong road or the trafficking business. Troubled offspring often look for the wrong kind of help. Approximately fifty-five per cent of children that become trafficked are runaways. The trafficking business is not bias to a particular race, ethnic, or socioeconomic group, children from poor or uncaring families appear to be at a high risk for trafficking (Corbett). There are also the chances of an unemployed teenager just looking for perceived job opportunities or what they think is â⠂¬Å"easy† money. III. What are the physical and mental consequences? There are many penalties for all involved in the trafficking business. The trafficker, or â€Å"pimp†, and the victims are going to face some long term mental issues. Children that have not yet hit puberty and have often been psychically and sexually abused will need distinctiveShow MoreRelatedHuman Trafficking in the Us1244 Words   |  5 PagesRough Draft: Human Trafficking and its Relationship throughout these United States A serious crime that virtually affects every country in the world is human trafficking. Human trafficking is a multi-national criminal business that’s roots are tied into â€Å"trans-criminal organizations, small criminal networks and local gangs, violations of labor and immigration codes, and government corruption† (Richard, 1999; U.S. Government Accountability Office, 2006.). Typically human trafficking has been definedRead MoreThe Slave Next Door: Human Trafficking in out Backyard1456 Words   |  6 Pageshear about the crime of human trafficking they automatically refer it to sex exploitation by big time gang organizations. Sexual exploitation is a big chunk of the trafficking problem in America but in reading the book The Slave Next Door you can see that there are different types of work for human trafficking. One of the unique and underrated types of trafficking is in the type of domestic slavery. This type of trafficking is not as popular for gangs and other t rafficking organizations because itRead MoreSex Trafficking Is A Serious Problem1334 Words   |  6 PagesA topic usually pushed into the dark, sex trafficking is a serious problem within our district that often goes unnoticed and ignored. Lurking underneath the mask of common businesses or seemingly normal neighbors, sex trafficking is prevalent not only throughout the world, but in our very own communities. Just months ago in May, Galveston County residents were shocked to hear that four Galveston men were charged with federal charges for their alleged involvement for conspiring to recruit, enticeRead MoreHuman Trafficking in the United States1603 Words   |  6 Pagesand from the U.S include products as wide ranged as food, clothes, and even people. Human trafficking is a worldwide problem, including the United States. Currently, there are approximately 20.9 million people enslaved throughout the world with 2.5 million located in the United States. About 14,500 - 17,500 of for eign nationals are trafficked into the United States every year (Human trafficking statistics). These statistics show that slavery is still alive and flourishing throughout the entire worldRead MoreThe Globalization Of Human Trafficking990 Words   |  4 Pageswill define the globalization of human trafficking through the context of the United States as a first world nation and extension of this problematic issue in European nations, such as Russia and in the Baltic region. The first world status of the United States provides a context in which human trafficking has become a major problem when defining domestic markets for criminal organizations. However, the U.S. provides an example of the impact of human trafficking that occurs on a much wider scaleRead MoreThe Book, Plain Sight, The United States By Stephanie Hepburn, Rita Simon855 Words   |  4 Pagesin Plain Sight: Human Trafficking in the United States by Stephanie Hepburn, Rita Simon. In APA format the title and author are written out like this: Hepburn, S., Simon, R. Hidden in plain sight: human trafficking in the United States. The URL for the following article is: http://web.a.ebscohost.com.proxy.itt-tech.edu/ehost/detail/detail?vid=5sid=3b63fdd0-d768-4b7d-af07-7357204cce73%40sessionmgr4004hid=4112bdata=JnNjb3BlPXNpdGU%3d#db=afhAN=53436131 Human trafficking exists in severalRead MoreHuman Rights : Universal And Inalienable Rights919 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout the world, there is a mutual understanding that all humans are entitled to universal and inalienable rights. According to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights article 1 best, explains what universal human rights are by stating that all human beings are born free and equal in dignity rights. (Articles of the UN Universal Declaration, International Law: United for Human Rights.), and while all persons are entitled to these rights there are many throughout out the world whoRead MoreEssay on Role Of America in Human Trafficking1363 Words   |  6 PagesThe trafficking of human beings for slave labor and sexual exploitation is one of the fastest growing global problems. It has been called the dark side of globalization because an enormous upsurge of human enslavement has accompanied a border-free world economy (Miller). Trafficking in persons is a tra nsnational crime that touches people in every nation, and even neighborhoods in this country. The vast reach of human trafficking stunned my own community, when we learned that a 12-year-old EgyptianRead MoreNo Matter Where In The World You Are, There Is Going To1445 Words   |  6 PagesNo matter where in the world you are, there is going to be some type of human trafficking going on in the dark, we need to bring this problem to light so we can help the victims reclaim their lives. Since the early ages, human trafficking has existed. According to Tsin Yen Koh (2016), â€Å"human trafficking has roots in the transatlantic slave trade of the sixteenth to nineteenth century, when an estimated 9.5 million people were transported from Africa by European slave traders to work in the coloniesRead MoreNuclear Crisis Research Paper1194 Words   |  5 Pagescould spread radiation throughout the region. With the risk of radiation spreading, that could cause babies born with birth affects s uch as having unusual body structures. Then people don’t want babies that look very different, so the babies get sent to orphanages and basically life their whole life there (â€Å"Radiation Leak At North Korean Nuclear Test Site Inevitable†). Three issues Americans face in 2017 are†¦. North Korea nuclear weapons, illegal immigrants/DACA, human trafficking Native Americans.

HR as a Strategic partner free essay sample

Human Resources – the one department that is the most important to a company’s bottom-line is also one that is treated with the least respect across all industries. The general consensus is that the HR Department and the rest of the organization are Strange Bedfellows, when in fact they are Strategic Partners who should blend seamlessly to achieve organizational objectives. But what we see is a single-minded dislike for the HR department by most employees of the organization. The reason for this sorry state of affairs can be traced to several widespread myths regarding the function among employees. Two of the most important ones are as follows: Myth No. 1 – Employees feel that â€Å"The HR function is responsible for making employees happy. They should take care of everything, from providing employees good food to ensuring that the AC’s temperature is just right†. When in reality, an HR manager’s job is not to make employees content; it is to make them competent. We will write a custom essay sample on HR as a Strategic partner or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In simpler words, HR Managers will not provide you a beanbag at work to recline on, but they will strive to increase your competencies that would hold you in good stead for the rest of your life. And that is all that matters in today’s professional and highly competitive world. Myth No. 2 – â€Å"The HR department comprises of a bunch of people who sit around in their ivory tower and make rules according to their whims and fancies†. While actually, HR as a function not only belongs to HR Managers, but to all managers across the organization. Translated, it means that the HR function is highly inclusive and works in tandem with all departments of the company. The criticality of the HR function can be understood by asking a simple question – What is it that makes any organization a success or a failure? Planning, Strategic decisions, Productivity, Sales figures, etc. , are a few things that instantly come to mind. What we forget to acknowledge is the fact that all these factors are a result of the efforts of the â€Å"people† of the organization. And who ensures that the right kinds of people are positioned in the right jobs in the company? The answer to that one is quite obvious. The HR department performs an array of complex activities – From Manpower Planning to Recruitment, Performance Management to Compensation and Benefits, Training and Development to Career Advancement; all of which aim at Organizational as well as individual employee development. And yet they are accused of being a ‘necessary evil’ and a ‘dark bureaucratic force’ by many. The HR function is Necessary, Yes; is it an evil? No! It is a Force, yes; but Dark and Bureaucratic? No and No! So why is HR misunderstood and mistrusted by so many, especially when the function is a benign one? Honestly, the blame lies partly with the HR managers as well for letting things get out of hand. Somewhere in the trade-off between the various roles that they are expected to play, HRs in general have started placing more importance on the roles of the ‘Admin Expert’ ‘Strategic Partner’ and have foregone the roles of the ‘Change Agent’ and ‘Employee Champion’. While they are performing the former two flawlessly, the latter roles are of great importance as well. And this negligence has resulted in widespread manifestation of disregard for the function. And unless we strike a balance between these paradoxical roles, redefining HR as an EmployeeFriendly function would be an uphill task. That said, let’s take a look what other options we have, as future HR personnel to dispel the feeling of general animosity towards the function? The answer quite simply lies in the basics. As with any other relationship, proper communication is the key to mend damages in professional relationships too. The HR person is every employee’s first point of contact before/ immediately after joining an organization. Right from the induction programs, it is the HR who facilitates the transition of a person from an outsider to a member of the organization. And we need to leverage this power for all its worth right from the word go! We need to establish proper communication channels right from the time of entry of the employee into the organization and ensure that this process of communication is a perpetual process and not an intermittent one. Next of course are the all-encompassing and highly coveted employee engagement programs. Ensuring that the HR department is projected not merely as a facilitator but also as the interface that conducts such engagement activities would ensure that employees have a change in perspective regarding HRs in general. Instead of going about this the tried and tested way, HRs can get creative and use several innovative means to achieve this. From videos depicting ‘a day in the life of an HR’ to shadowing programs (which would give employees a real-time feel of the trials and tribulations of an HR person) the possibilities are endless. And most importantly, as stressed upon earlier in this article, HR is not just about performance appraisals and pay cuts. The function is the backbone of any organization, performing an array of critical activities. HR managers need to convince the employees that they are in fact their allies and not their detractors. The new age HR managers need to remember that each action of theirs reflects on the image of the function as a whole. A slight change in our attitudes would go a long way in changing employee perceptions about our function. We as a team honestly believe that it is not a question of ‘If’ this change would happen; rather it is a question of ‘When’ it would happen. And when this happens, the HR function would assume its rightful position of importance in the Organizational structure.

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Solomon And The Queen Of Sheba Essays - Solomon, Books Of Kings

Solomon And The Queen Of Sheba Essays - Solomon, Books Of Kings Solomon And The Queen Of Sheba On Francesco del Cossas Meeting of Solomon and the Queen of Sheba The Italian artist, Francesco del Cossa, created an oil painting on a panel during the mid-15th century called Meeting of Solomon and the Queen Sheba. This work is now displayed in the Boston Museum of Fine Art. The plate that identifies the painted tray in the museum explains that this twelve sided tray is a ceremonial tray, most likely in honor of the marriage of Solomon and the Queen of Sheba and given to them as a gift. The back of the tray was against the wall but the identification plate noted that two cupid figures with cornucopias and coral necklaces were painted there to symbolize good luck and fertility. The most striking part of this work is the symmetry. The symmetrical architectural structures perfectly centers the palace. The dome of the palace perfectly divides the arch behind it; the highest point of the palace perfectly divides the sky within the main arch. The next most noticeable point of this painting is where the figures of the Queen of Sheba and Solomon stand. They appear to protrude out from the rest of the painting. Each has an out turned foot that comes into the viewers space. This aspect and the symmetry make it apparent that the Queen and Solomon are the characters to be focused on. The deep color is very striking, especially the abundance of reds, pinks and purple. It seems very bold, perhaps suggesting the royalty of the subjects. The overcast gray sky is the same color as the dome of Solomons palace. Perhaps the dome is supposed to look as if it is made of metal, but it appears to reflect the trouble that is about to storm. The entire painting is almost composed exclusively of shades of red and black, with highlights of blue. The use of color is not realistic, but very symbolic. Meeting of Solomon and the Queen of Sheba utilizes many of the techniques that were beginning to be used in painting during the 15th century. The vanishing point lies on the central angelic statue above the arch of Solomons throne. The lines created by the checkered floor and the landscape in the background suggest the depth and distance of this image. Francesco del Cossa filled the space he had. All space is taken advantage of by detail of architecture and people. The arches and circular lines may suggest motion. As a whole, this painting is very geometrical with the twelve-sided frame, the repetition of the arches and the line of people represented across the lower half of the work. The people in this painting are telling. The viewer first notices the Queen of Sheba and Solomon, who are at the so close to the edge of the floor that if they took one more step they would step to the ground. Their hands just slightly touch, but do not hold eachother, as if they would rather not have their hands that close together. This may suggest that this marriage is not a ceremony of love, but one of necessity. This is also reflected by their eyes, which do not meet. In fact, Solomon appears to be in a daze, almost possessed. The Queen of Sheba has a slight smile on her lips but her down turned eyes make her seem sad. The subjects on either side of the Queen and Solomon are interesting as well. Almost every woman appears to be in the correct place. They seem quite proper with their hands clasped in a similar fashion behind the Queen. They appear to be supporting her. The men behind Solomon are less organized. Two men, one in a bright red cloak, appear to be having a conversation of their own, taking away from the important event that is depicted. There is a mysterious man in black in the background at the right. He is leaning against his own small archway; his hat and dress are unlike the others. He holds a strange red object at his waist. There is also a small woman wearing all black in the lower left part of this painting. She does not display the same

Final Essays Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Final Essays - Essay Example Jesse Ventura didn’t talk down to people like Nader did, nor did he have the boring, stifling personality that Ross Perot projected. Ross Perot, it might be said, had some advantages over Ventura. He shared Ventura’s style of â€Å"straight talk† which appealed to a lot of Americans. With his Southern drawl and antebellum charm, Ross Perot was somewhat of an interesting character, especially due to the fact that he liked showing a lot of visuals (i.e., charts) whilst speaking. Perot also appeared more â€Å"serious† about life than Ventura, who most people might not have taken seriously because of his celebrity. Nader possessed the advantage over Ventura in that, he seemed like a more â€Å"serious† candidate, and a well-educated one at that. Ralph Nader is most famous for his exposure of hot dogs not having met FDA standards. Trained in both economics and green living, Nader cares about organizations like PETA (People for the Ethical Treatment of A nimals). These three candidacies show us that the likelihood of a third party in America—even if it were moderately strong—is not enough to defeat the two main parties of Democrat and Republican that are in place. Independent party candidates are not usually serious in scope, and thus, they undermine themselves. 2. E.E. Schattschnieder says "democracy without political parties is impossible." Is he correct? Why? (250 words) Democracy, as Schattschneider said, would probably most likely be impossible without political parties. Indeed, â€Å"†¦E.E. Schattschneider sought to redefine democracy and popular control of government by formulating a concept that has since become known as the ‘doctrine of responsible party government.’†1 Basically, without political parties, the best way that the government would be described is total anarchy. There would be complete chaos without political parties because it would be â€Å"every man for himself.† To be more politically correct, one could also say it would also be â€Å"every woman for herself.† Indeed, political parties in a democracy serve to help checks and balances stay in effect. The fact that there are two opposing political parties is ideal in the sense that one party can check the other by not allowing certain actions to happen based on the way the parties vote strategically in both houses of Congress—the Senate and the House. On the other hand, one of the disadvantages is not necessarily with not having parties, but with having two parties only—which many times makes politics in the United States a polarizing, partisan, all-out, knock-down, dragged-out war. Both political parties, the Democrats and the Republicans, equally believe in their opinions. The problem is that many times, neither side wants to make concessions in order to get deals made and laws passed because both sides always have scruples when it comes to getting their particular leg islation passed. To this end, it is hoped that in the future both sides collaborate. 3. According to "Toward a More Responsible Party System All Over Again" is there a need to re-conceptualize and restructure our party system to establish programmatic-based political parties, disciplined parties, and party responsibility? (270 words) There is a dire need in the United States to definitely re-conceptualize and restructure the existing party system in this country. All types of parties should be considered as long as they only serve to help people and espouse a noteworthy cause or group of

Kudler Fine Foods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Kudler Fine Foods - Essay Example mmunicating and delivering value to customers, and also by managing customer relationships in such a way that it benefits the organization and its stakeholders (Kerin et al, 2006:8). The focus of the current strategic objectives of the Company is to improve customer loyalty and enhance customer profitability by offering expanded services such as cooking classes and parties in the store to increase customer frequency of visits and promote word of mouth marketing. Another initiative that is proposed is to track customer purchase behavior and offer loyalty points which may be redeemed for other specialty foods, airline tickets, etc. Thirdly, the Company is also integrating new software systems and starting employee training programs to improve efficiency of operations. With the help of technology, the Company is tracking financial data, so that customer behavior over time can be analyzed. Therefore Kudler is focusing upon delivering value to customers and managing customer relations to benefit the organization. However, before actually entering into this plan, the Company needs to carry out extensive marketing research. Marketing research encompasses the process of first arriving at a definition of the marketing problem and opportunity and then systematically collecting and analyzing information, which will form the basis upon which proposed action can be recommended (Kerin, Hartley, Berkowitz, & Rudelius 2006: 206). In the case of Kudler, it must be noted that most of the initiatives that are proposed are new ones – such as starting cooking classes and rewarding customer loyalty through a points system. While everyday discounts for regular customers have proven efficacy, the efficacy of the points system in ensuring customer loyalty has not been conclusively proved. Customer loyalty has been defined by Dick and Basu as â€Å"the relationship between the rela tive attitude toward an entity (brand/service/store/vendor) and patronage behavior.† (Dick and Basu, 1994:

Ethical Issues on Confidentiality Essay Example for Free

Ethical Issues on Confidentiality Essay Ethical Issues on Confidentiality: Research and Medical Procedures A guiding principle followed by most administrators and health care providers is the concept that ethical principles must match the values of the whole organization. This belief should serve as a continuous teaching to all staff so that the organization’s goals may be uniformly achieved. Healthcare administrators must be fully competent in adhering to the ethical principles of patient and employee confidentiality in order to promote trust, respect, and the protection of individual’s rights concerning health information. This is one of the main objectives of the Privacy Rule or HIPAA, and a breach to this rule is one of the most common ethical issues. When administrators demonstrate capable ethical decisions in guiding the flow of services in the organization, there may only be a few disorders that will be encountered in the operations as a result of ethical perplexities. In the article, Ethics of Stem Cell Research (Siegel, A., Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Spring2013), the ethical dilemma of confidentiality in research pales in comparison to the dilemma posed in destroying human embryonic cells. A great dispute is presented on the use of human embryos and whether researchers are dealing with a human being or not. The question on the permissibility or the impermissibility to destroy human embryos is fully explored without the full ethical answer being presented. Confidentiality, research, and medical procedures all impart ethical dilemmas that complicate organizational activities. Problems of the Affected Population: Patients and Participants In the procurement of embryotic cells for example, research subjects are not considered the same way as patients and regarded differently in terms of confidentiality and privacy issues. According to the article, HIPAA, the Privacy Rule, and Its Application to Health Research (2009), â€Å"Health research is not the focus of HIPAA.† and, â€Å"Because a great deal of health research in the United States is also subject to the Common Rule- the federal rule that governs most federally funded research conducted on human beings and aims to ensure  that the rights of human subjects are protected during the course of a research project, historically focusing on protection from physical and mental harm by stressing autonomy and consent.† (HIPAA and Research, Beyond the HIPAA Privacy Rule: Enhancing Privacy, Improving Health Through Research, 2009). Many research institutions are not considered covered entities and therefore the subjects are not covered by the Privacy law. Nevertheless, all subjects must submit personally identifiable health information and in the course of research or procedure, a subject may be harmed. This is an uneven application of confidentiality and the Privacy law that gives more benefit to a patient than a research subject. Medical research in particular has a participant and some experimental procedures are accomplished with the patient as the subject in the belief that the experiment could bring positive results to the patient specially, when there is no definite answer to a needed treatment. According to Fremgen B.F. (2009), ethical issues arise when there is harmful effect to the patient from experimental procedures. Lack of understanding and communication remains a big barrier to ethical issues. Somehow the creation of the Privacy Law did not consider the welfare of the research subject, yet they are likened to a patient who undergoes procedures, submits identifiable health information, and when procedures are not perfect, may also suffer harmful consequences. The other bothersome issue is when the bodily parts contributed by the participant are sold, reused or endorsed to other institutions for other purposes. Other issues pertain to the interest of the researcher placed above the interest of the patient (B.F.Fremgen2009). Informed and voluntary consent from participants are used as shield in order to further the research activities, but privacy and confidentiality are both compromised on research participants and must also be incorporated. Proposed Solutions In California, where the biggest budget for stem cell research is allocated, the California Institute of Regenerative medicine (CIRM) in their objectives has encouraged institutions and researchers on the development of best practices in hSC projects. Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) at each research institution must be responsible for the proper review of projects involving human participants. The regulations of the CIRM implies that donor  consent must be understood fully by the participant, maintain a clear record of every embryo, strict accounting of donated cells, and must always be consistent with existing laws. In fairness to the donor, any medical complication must be treated fully, and the donor must not bear any cost for any treatment (G.P Lomax, Z. Hall, B. Lo, Responsible Oversight of Human Stem Cell Research: The California Institute for Regenerative Medicine, 2007) The foundation for all procurement of biological materials can be summed in informed consent. Authorizations and voluntary consent must be explicitly understood by the donor and must be presented with choices they can understand including the information regarding the destruction of the cells, commercial application and sharing (L. P Knowles, Issues in Procurement of Embryonic Stem Cells: Informed Consent and Conflict of Interest, n.d.) Information management system must be in place for protection of confidentiality. In most instances, the system must protect the anonymity of the donor to safeguard privacy. There will always be people who would donate biological materials for their own reasons beyond ones understanding. These individuals must be informed fully of the consequences and possible risks. In some places, inducement of monetary consideration is prohibited. However, there are instances when the donor sincerely commits to help in exchange for some requirements like burial assistance when deemed terminally ill. Ethical issues and personal choice of the donor must be taken into consideration at all times and the option to donate must be free from pressure. In some parts of the globe, there are ads roaming related to procurement of organs from individuals who are impoverished and destitute. The government and the public must be vigilant in exposing this black market trade of organ trafficking so as to safeguard the dignity, confidentiality, and humanity in general. The mainstream media must be cooperative in relaying to the public not only the positive implications of medical research but also the contrary, so that that knowledge and understanding of present scientific advancement and problems may be learned. The Administrator and Ethical Issues An administrator who is engaged in a healthcare institution where research activities are occurring commits to a heavier burden of maintaining the place for it to be free of ethical issues. Aside from the issue of  patient care, privacy, lack of resources, maintaining regulations, and promoting goodwill, the needed knowledge on the requirements or regulations on research must be understood. The administrator must be adept at ethical analysis and organizational policies. Many have not been through a lot of experience related to research institutions but according to Fremgen B. F. (2009), â€Å"Adherence to bioethical principles involves the entire healthcare team, not just the physicians† (pg. 251). The ethics of the institution must be in accord with the staff and conflicting values should not prevail. The administrator must know how to initiate educational sessions and communicate the ethical values even with the integration of research and experimental procedures. References Siegel, A. Ethics of Stem Cell Research, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, rev. Jan 28,2013 Retrieved from: http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stemcells/#EthDesHumEmbForRes Knowles, L.P. Issues in Procurement of Embryonic Stem Cell: Informed Consent and Conflicts of Interest, Retrieved::http://www.stemcellnetwork.ca/uploads/File/whitepapers/Inf Consent-and-Conflicts-of-Interest.pdf Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Health Research and the Privacy of Health Information: The HIPAA Privacy Rule; Nass SJ, Levit LA, Gostin LO, editors. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2009.Retrieved from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK9573/ Lomax GP, Hall ZW, Lo B (2007) Responsible Oversight of Human Stem Cell Research: The California Institute for Regenerative Medicines Medical and Ethical Standards.Retrieved http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.0040114 B.F. Fremgen, Medical Law and Ethics (Third Ed. 2009)

The Liberal Arts and the End of Education Essay -- Philosophy Educatio

The Liberal Arts and the End of Education ABSTRACT: An international conference that takes Philosophy Educating Humanity as its theme does well to revisit the liberal arts tradition. Although the liberal arts are most often assimilated to studies brought together as the Humanities, the old usage included the arts which employed artificial languages in mathematics, music, and astronomy, as well as the literature and letters of the various natural languages. The current conflation of liberal education with the humanities does violence to the historical tradition in education, reducing it to fluff in the eyes of tough-minded scientists who know that only numbers deliver objectivity. The liberal arts of the traditional undergraduate curriculum provided the skills to liberate the student's linguistic powers so that he or she could read, speak, and understand natural language in all its functions. To educate human persons to master language is to encourage students to take possession of their natural powers so that they can expres s themselves, understand what others say, and reason together. The arts of natural language lead to mastery of the mathematical arts which use a language that is no one's mother tongue. Together, the seven arts rid students of the worst enemies of humankind: ignorance and prejudice. Since no one can be considered to have received a good education if he accepts uncritically the opinions of the educators of his own times, the student should encounter alternatives to these opinions. Samuel S. Kutler The past is always difficult to deal with. We are torn between the temptations of remaining within the comfort of a past we have become accustomed to and the equally dangerous alternative of fleeing an ... ...he arts of mathematical language teach us habits of rigorous, disinterested abstract thought. Post-moderns seem to be engaged in replacing philosophy, perhaps in the guise of logic, with rhetoric so that all becomes conversation or narrative, and privilege is problematic. Were we to resuscitate a version of the liberal arts tradition as pedagogy and a goal for our "post-modern" times, we would not be coaxing a dusty corpse of a bygone tradition back to life. Rather we would be putting our tradition into practice. The liberal arts live only in time, in some historical instantiation or another. Now may be the time to bring this curriculum back into our time. Rather than a person ill-equipped to do anything, the more traditionally educated liberal arts graduate could again be a person who is equipped by his skills to do anything. And, to evaluate what is worth doing.

Role of Project Management

The Role of the Project Manager A project manager is the person who has the overall responsibility for the successful initiation, planning, design, execution, monitoring, controlling and closure of a project. The job title is used in construction, petrochemical, architecture, information technology and many different industries that produce products and services. The project manager must have a combination of skills including an ability to ask penetrating questions, detect unstated assumptions and resolve conflicts, as well as more general management skills.Key among his or her duties is the recognition that risk directly impacts the likelihood of success and that this risk must be both formally and informally measured throughout the lifetime of the project. Risks arise from uncertainty, and the successful project manager is the one who focuses on this as the main concern. Most of the issues that impact a project arise in one-way or another from risk. A good project manager can lesse n risk significantly, often by adhering to a policy of open communication, ensuring every significant participant has an opportunity to express opinions and concerns.It follows that a project manager is one who is responsible for making decisions both large and small, in such a way that risk is controlled and uncertainty minimized. Every decision taken by the project manager should be taken in such a way that it directly benefits the project. Project managers use project management software, such as Microsoft Project, to organize their tasks and workforce. These software packages allow project managers to produce reports and charts in a few minutes, compared with the several hours it can take if they do it by hand. Roles and ResponsibilitiesThe role of the project manager encompasses many activities including: ? Scope Management ? Time Management ? Cost Management ? Risk Management ? Quality Management ? Contract Management ? Communication Management ? Human Resources Management Fin ally, senior management must give a project manager support and authority if he or she is going to be successful. Scope Management Best Practices for Scope Management The knowledge area of Scope Management is all about making sure that the project includes only the work required to complete the project successfully.To be effective at scope management, project manager must learn to control what is and what is not in the scope of the project. Below are some of the best practices for successful scope management. ? Collect Project Requirements ? Define the Scope ? Create a Work Breakdown Structure ? Verify the Scope and Get Feedback ? Monitor and Control the Scope 1. Collect Project Requirements The ability to define and then effectively control the scope of a project depends a lot on the goals and requirements of the project. For this reason, project manager need to gather the necessary information up front, before you ever start the project.By clearly understanding the needs of the st akeholders and the capabilities and constraints of the resources, project manager have a higher chance to succeed. The easiest way to collect the project requirements is to perform interviews with the key stakeholders. Ask questions about their views of the finished product, the deliverables they expect to receive, and the schedule of the project. Once project manager have the information need, project manager may want to create a Scope Management Plan to define the processes that will be followed in defining scope, documenting scope, verifying and accepting scope, and managing change requests. . Define the Scope The scope of a project typically consists of a set of deliverables, an assigned budget, and an expected closure time. The previously collected project requirements will help project manager define the scope. Be sure to write down exactly what the project will entail and what it will not entail. Any amount of variation in the scope of the project can affect the project sched ule, budget, and ultimately the success of the project. Getting a clear and concise definition of the scope will help project manager manage changes as they occur.With a clear scope definition, project manager can simply ask the question, â€Å"Does this change fall within the scope of the project? † If the answer is yes, then approve the change. If the answer is no, then put a pin it and save it for another time or project. Scope Creep: Scope creep is something common with every project. This refers to the incremental expansion of the project scope. Most of the time, the client may come back to the service provider during the project execution and add more requirements. Most of such requirements haven't been in the initial requirements.As a result, change requests need to be raised in order to cover the increasing costs of the services provider. Due to business scope creep, there can be technological scope creep as well. The project team may require new technologies in order to address some of the new requirements in the scope. In such instances, the services provider may want to work with the client closely and make necessary logistic and financial arrangements. 3. Create a Work Breakdown Structure A work breakdown structure or WBS is a graphical representation of the hierarchy of the project.The WBS forces the project team to think through all levels of the project and identify the major tasks that need to be performed for the project to be completed on time. By starting with the end objective and then successively subdividing it into manageable steps or components in terms of size, duration, and responsibility, the WBS provides a high level view of the entire project. Furthermore, the framework makes planning and controlling the scope of the project much easier since project manager have a graphical chart to reference point for the tasks and subtasks needed for each phase of the project.As a general rule of thumb, no task within the WBS should be le ss than 8 hours or more than 80 hours. 4. Verify the Scope and Get Feedback Because projects are expected to meet strict deadlines, verifying the scope of the project is critical before and during the project cycle. Scope verification can be done after each major task or phase is completed or if it is a smaller project, after the project has been completed. To verify the scope, meet with the project customer or stakeholder and get him/her to formally accept the project deliverables.This includes getting a written acceptance of the deliverables and requesting feedback on the work performed. Getting feedback from the customer is an excellent way for project manager to improve processes and make sure the customer is happy with the work and the status of the project. The most important thing here is to communicate well and often. Verifying the scope and getting feedback will help you focus on customer acceptance, quality control, and verifying that work performed meets the definition of the scope of the project. 5. Monitor and Control the ScopeNow that the Scope has been clearly defined, a work breakdown structure has been organised, and the customer has formally accepted the scope of the project, it is time to actually manage and control the scope to avoid scope creep. Scope creep refers to the incremental expansion of the scope of the project, which may include and introduce more requirements that may not have been a part of the initial planning phases, but add costs and time to the original project. To effectively monitor and control the scope of the project, make sure project manager have an established process for managing change requests.Any and all requests should be vetted and approved before they get introduced into the project. The budget and schedule of the project should also be altered to reflect the new changes. These changes should get a formal sign-off from the customer or key stakeholder before proceeding. It is important that project manager clos ely monitor and control the scope to avoid disgruntled customers, higher than expected costs, and projects that aren't completed on time. Time Management Time Management refers to managing time effectively so that the right time is allocated to the right activity.Effective time management allows individuals to assign specific time slots to activities as per their importance. Time Management refers to making the best use of time as time is always limited. Know which work should be done earlier and which can be done a little later. Time Management plays a very important role not only in organizations but also in our personal lives. Time Management Includes: ? Effective Planning ? Setting goals and objectives ? Setting deadlines ? Delegation of responsibilities ? Prioritizing activities as per their importance Spending the right time on the right activity Effective Planning Prepare a To Do List or a â€Å"TASK PLAN†. Jot down the important activities that need to be done in a si ngle day against the time that should be allocated to each activity. High Priority work should come on top followed by those which do not need much of our importance at the moment. Complete pending tasks one by one. Do not begin fresh work unless we have finished our previous task. Tick the ones we have already completed. Ensure finish the tasks within the stipulated time frame. Setting Goals and ObjectivesWorking without goals and targets in an organization would be similar to a situation where the captain of the ship loses his way in the sea. Set targets and make sure they are realistic ones and achievable. Setting Deadlines Set deadlines for strive hard to complete tasks ahead of the deadlines. Learn to take ownership of work. One person who can best set the deadlines is project manager. Use a planner to mark the important dates against the set deadlines. Delegation of Responsibilities Learn to say â€Å"NO† at workplace. Don’t do everything alone.There are other pe ople as well. One should not accept something which he knows is difficult for him. The roles and responsibilities must be delegated as per interest and specialization of employees for them to finish tasks within deadlines. A person who does not have knowledge about something needs more time than someone who knows the work well. Prioritizing Tasks Prioritize the tasks as per their importance and urgency. Know the difference between important and urgent work. Identify which tasks should be done within a day, which all should be done within a month and so on.Tasks which are most important should be done earlier. Spending the right time on right activity Develop the habit of doing the right thing at the right time. Work done at the wrong time is not of much use. Don’t waste a complete day on something which can be done in an hour or so. Also keep some time separate for personal calls or checking updates on Facebook or Twitter. After all human being is not a machine. For Effective Time Management Project Manager Needs To Be: Organized – Avoid keeping stacks of file and heaps of paper at workstation. Throw what all don’t need.Put important documents in folders. Keep the files in their respective drawers with labels on top of each file. It saves time which goes on unnecessary searching. Don’t misuse time – Do not kill time by loitering or gossiping around. Concentrate on work and finish assignments on time. Remember the organization is not paying for playing games on computer or peeping into other’s cubicles. First complete the work and then do whatever feels like doing. Don’t wait till the last moment. Be Focused – One needs to be focused for effective time management.Ten Essential Time Management Strategies for the Project Manager The following are the best time management practices for project managers: 1. Use the right tools and equipment. In project management, a project manager's effectiveness will largely depend on the tools at his or her disposal. Even the most talented project manager will be limited if the right software and equipment are not available. Before taking on a project, project managers should thus assess their needs. Some areas to consider include: communications equipment, project tracking software, and collaboration software. . Get to know your project personnel. Social, economic, and cultural differences can often lead to misunderstanding and mis-communication among project team members, especially in situations where a project manager is working with a multi-national project team, and these misunderstandings can be a significant draw on project time. To counteract this affect, project managers should be familiar with the social, economic, and cultural differences of the project team members, and then ensure that these differences are taken into account within project communications. . The 20/80 rule. One of the guiding rules in the management of a project is the P areto Principle which states that roughly 80% of the outputs will be generated by only 20% of the inputs. In other words, a few elements create the most impact. Project managers can capitalize on this principle with the use of a Pareto Chart, a vertical bar graph that identifies in rank order the most important elements or factors in a project, so that attention can be directed to the things that matter the most. 4. The fudge factor.When creating the project budget and setting the project schedule, experienced project managers will always include a cushion in their estimates. These over-estimates of time and money are meant to compensate for any small, unexpected problems that may come up throughout the course of the project, and will ultimately help the project to stay on course. 5. Develop a solid risk management strategy. In addition to budgeting for unexpected draws on time and money, project managers need to have a solid risk management strategy in place so that a project recov ery plan can be quickly implemented if problems arise. 6.Effectively delegate tasks. One of the biggest pitfalls in project management is insufficient delegation of responsibilities. Project managers in particular must be available to oversee the various elements of the project and make key decisions. When they are being bogged down by tasks that can be done by others, then it compromises their ability to manage. 7. Conduct productive team meetings. When project personnel are brought together, it is vital that there be a clear and focused agenda to the meeting. Otherwise, the time of the project manager as well as all those attending the meeting will be compromised.Experienced project managers are adept at determining which information must be discussed in a face-to-face meeting and which information can be disseminated via other mediums. 8. Effective communication system for communication. It almost goes without saying that a project will never run smoothly if the right information does not reach the right people at the right time. A system for effective communication of project information among project personnel as well as project clients and senior executives is a must.Not only must the project manager ensure that he or she is presenting information in a clear, logical, and understandable way, but also that the right tools are in place, such as file- sharing programs, networks, and collaboration tools. 9. Daily personal to-do list. A simple, yet highly effective time management technique for the project manager is the daily creation of a personal to-do list. Having such a list on hand will help the project manager stay on track and not get caught up in the project's myriad details. 10. Stay focused on the big picture.As the old saying goes: don't sweat the small stuff, that's the job of the various project personnel hired to bring the project to completion. Putting undue attention on relatively insignificant aspects of the project can also quickly bring th e project off schedule. Experienced project managers know where they can â€Å"let go† versus knowing which things demand their attention. By following the time management strategies mentioned above, the project manager can help to ensure that all the elements of the project are indeed brought together in a harmonious path towards project completion.Time Management Tips for Project Managers Summary Time management is a basic skill for project managers. If project manager manage own time, how can project manager expect to manage the teams? Ask each day what project manager did to move the project forward. Plan the next day, what will project manager do to ensure the project continues along the straight and narrow. Plan the time, manage the resources with a light touch and communicate effectively. With a little time management, project success should come easier. Cost Management The following are the costs associated with the projects. Direct costsAny costs that are directly at tributable to the work on the project. These can include the salaries paid to the resources, the billing rate of the resources and costs of the software and hardware that are used for building the website Indirect Costs These costs are spread out against many projects and cannot be linked to one project alone. These costs include those incurred in shared services like cost of office space, taxes paid by the organization and other services like secretarial and janitorial staff Variable Costs Costs that change in proportion to the amount of time and material that are spent on produced in the project.Fixed Costs Costs that do not change with the timeline or progress of the project. A cost be either Fixed or Variable; Direct or Indirect The overhead costs for this project are the office setup and shared services. While the costs incurred in setting up the office space can be general overhead cost as it is a one-time cost and is borne by all the projects in the organization. The project overhead costs are the costs incurred in the shared services such as secretarial staff and other services provide to the project and can be directly billable as such.Time phased budget A time phased budget would include the costs incurred at each interval or milestone of the project. The milestones for this project would be requirements, design, coding, testing and implementation. The budget for the same would be the costs at each stage of the project. The budget at completion or BAC should have all the components of the costs included like direct and indirect costs, fixed and variable costs etc along with the cost at each phase or milestone of the project.The cost variance should be measured using Earned Value technique and this tool allows the manager to assess the completion of the project at each milestone according to the cost incurred and the value accrued till then. Variance between these two measures gives an accurate estimate of the health of the project. Cumulative costs T he cumulative costs of the project are the ones that are incurred up to a specific phase or milestone of the project. It can be measured by using a Cost Performance Index or CPI which measures the ratio of the Earned value with regards to the Actual cost incurred on the project.As outlined above, all the costs that accumulate up to a particular phase can be called the cumulative costs of the project. Cost control The cost management plan should include the plan for controlling the costs of the project. There should be a measurement of the costs involved and their variances tracked, if any. Any variance to the budget must be controlled by the controlling the impact of the cost changes. Further, cost control can be done in the area of overhead costs and general and administrative expenses. Estimating Project CostsThe Wideman Comparative Glossary of Common Project Management Terms describes estimating cost as â€Å"The process of forecasting a future result in terms of cost, based upo n information available at the time. † In his book ‘How to be a Better Project Manager', Trevor L Young defines estimating as â€Å"A decision about how much time and resource are required to carry out a piece of work to acceptable standards of performance. † Many techniques, books and software packages exist to help with estimating project costs. A few simple rules will also help ensure you create an accurate and realistic estimate. Assume resources will only be productive for 80 percent of their time. ? Resources working on multiple projects take longer to complete tasks because of time lost switching between them. ? People are generally optimistic and often underestimate how long tasks will take. ? Make use of other project manager experiences. ? Get an expert view. ? Include management time in any estimate. ? Always build in contingency for problem solving, meetings and other unexpected events. ? Cost each task in the Work Breakdown Structure to arrive at a to tal, rather than trying to cost the project as a whole. Agree a tolerance with the customer for additional work that is not yet defined. ? Communicate any assumptions, exclusions or constraints project manager have to the customer. ? Provide regular budget statements to the customer, copying the team, so they are always aware of the current position. ? Much data exists about the length of time particular items of work take, especially in the construction industry. A useful database of production rates can be found at Planning Planet Common Mistakes ? These are some of the common mistakes that can lead to inaccurate estimates. Not understanding what is involved to complete an item of work. ? Starting with an amount of money and making the project cost fit it. ? Assigning resources at more than 80 percent utilization. ? Failing to build in contingency. ? Failing to adjust the estimate following changes in scope. ? Dividing tasks between more than one resource. ? Providing estimates un der pressure in project meetings. ? Giving single-data-point estimates rather than range estimates. Three Point Estimating Three point estimating is a technique that helps project managers produce better estimates.Rather than a ballpark estimate, project managers can use three point estimating to gain a greater degree of control over how the end value is calculated. The end value is the weighted average of three estimates. To do three point estimating for a particular task or activity, ask the resource for their best-case, most likely and worst case estimates. Add the best-case estimate to four times the most likely, then the worst case and divide by six. This gives you your estimate (E value) which is a slightly more balanced view of how long the task or activity is likely to take.The formula is expressed as: E = (B + 4 M + W)/6 B = best-case (1/6) M = most likely (4/6) W = worst case (1/6) `Monte Carlo Simulation in MS Excel The Monte Carlo method of estimating project cost is bas ed on the generation of multiple trials to determine the expected value of a random variable. There are several commercial packages that run Monte Carlo simulation; however a basic spreadsheet such as Microsoft Excel can be used to run a simulation. Risk Management Literally speaking,  risk management is the process of minimizing or mitigating the risk.It starts with the identification and evaluation of risk followed by optimal use of resources to monitor and minimize the same. Risk generally results from uncertainty. In organizations this risk can come from uncertainty in the market place (demand, supply and Stock market), failure of projects, accidents, natural disasters etc. There are different tools to deal with the same depending upon the kind of risk. Ideally in risk management, a risk prioritization process is followed in which those risks that pose the threat of great loss and have great probability of occurrence are dealt with first. Refer to table below: IMPACT |ACTIONS | |SIGNIFICANT |Considerable Management Required |Must Manage and Monitor Risks |Extensive Management essential | |MODERATE |Risk are bearable to certain extent |Management effort worthwhile |Management effort required | |MINOR |Accept Risks |Accept but monitor Risks |Manage and Monitor Risks | |   |LOW |MEDIUM |HIGH | | |LIKELIHOOD | The above chart can be used to strategize in various situations. The two factors that govern the action required are the probability of occurrence and the impact of the risk.For example a condition where the impact is minor and the probability of occurrence is low, it is better to accept the risk without any interventions. A condition where the likelihood is high and the impact is significant, extensive management is required. This is how a certain priority can be established in dealing with the risk. Apart from this, typically most of the organizations follow a risk management cycle. Refer diagram below: [pic] According to this cycle there are four steps in the process of risk management. The first step is the assessment of risk, followed by evaluation and management of the same. The last step is measuring the impact.Risk identification can start at the base or the surface level, in the former case the source of problems is identified. We now have two things to deal with the source and the problem. Risk Source:  The source can be either internal or external to the system. External sources are beyond control whereas internal sources can be controlled to a certain extent. For example, the amount of rainfall, weather over an airport etc! Problem:  A problem at the surface level could be the threat of accident and casualty at the plant, a fire incident etc. When any or both of the above two are known beforehand, certain steps can be taken to deal with the same.After the risk has been identified then it must be assessed on the potential of criticality. Here we arrive upon risk prioritization. In generic terms ‘likelihood of occurrence ? impact’ is equal to risk. This is followed by development of a risk management plan and implementation of the same. It comprises of the effective security controls and control mechanisms for mitigation of risk. A more challenging risk to organizational effectiveness is the risk that is present but cannot be identified. For example a perpetual inefficiency in the production process accumulates over a certain period of time and translates into operational risk. The Principles of Risk ManagementEvery project manager and business leader needs to be aware of the practices and principles of effective risk management. Understanding how to identify and treat risks to an organization, a programmed or a project can save unnecessary difficulties later on, and will prepare managers and team members for any unavoidable incidences or issues. The M_o_R (Management of Risk) framework identifies twelve principles, which are intended â€Å"not to be prescriptive but provide s upportive guidance to enable organizations to develop their own policies, processes strategies and plan. Organizational Context A fundamental principle of all generic management methods, including PRINCE2 and MSP as well as M_o_R, is that all organizations are different.Project managers, programmed managers and risk managers need to consider the specific context of the organization in order to ensure thorough identification of risks and appropriate risk treatment procedures. The term ‘organizational context' encompasses the political, economic, social, technological, legal and environmental backdrop of an organization. Stakeholder Involvement It is easy for a management team to become internalized and forget that stakeholders are also key participants in everyday business procedures, short-term projects and business-wide change programmed. Understanding the roles of individual stakeholders and managing stakeholder involvement is crucial to successful.Stakeholders should, as fa r as is appropriate, be made aware of risks to a project or programmed. Within the context and stakeholder involvement, â€Å"appropriate† concerns: the identity and role of the stakeholder, the level of influence that the stakeholder has over and outside of the organization, the level of investment that the stakeholder has in the organization, and the type, probability and potential impact of the risk. Organizational Objectives Risks exist only in relation to the activities and objectives of an organization. Rain is a negative risk for a picnic, a positive risk for drought-ridden farmland and a non-risk for the occupants of a submarine.It is imperative that the individual responsible for risk management (whether that is the business leader, the project/programmed manager or a specialist risk manager) understands the objectives of the organization, in order to ensure a tailored approach. M_o_R Managing of Risk Approach The processes, policies, strategies and plans within the M_o_R framework provide generic guidelines and templates within a particular organization. These guidelines are based on the experience and research of professional risk managers from a wide range of organizations and management backgrounds. Following best practices ensures that individuals involved in managing the risks associated with an organization’s activity are able to learn from the mistakes, experiments and lessons of others. ReportingAccurately and clearly representing data, and the transmission of this data to the appropriate staff members, managers and stakeholders, is crucial to successful risk management. The M_o_R methodology provides standard templates and tested structures for managing the frequency, content and participants of risk communication. Roles and Responsibilities Fundamental to risk management best practice is the clear definition of risk management roles and responsibilities. Individual functions and accountability must be transparent, both within and outside an organization. This is important both in terms of organizational governance, and to ensure that all the necessary responsibilities are covered by appropriate individuals. Support StructureA support structure is the provision within an organization of standardized guidelines, information, training and funding for individuals managing risks that may arise in any specific area or project. This can include a centralized risk management team, a standard risk management approach and best-practice guidelines for reporting and reviewing organizational risks. Early Warning Indicators Risk identification is an essential first step for removing or alleviating risks. In some cases, however, it is not possible to remove risks in advance. Early warning indicators are pre-defined and quantified triggers that alert individuals responsible for risk management that an identified risk is imminent.This enables the most thorough and prepared approach to handling the situation. Review Cycle Related to the need for early warning indicators is the review cycle. This establishes the regular review of identified risks and ensures that risk managers remain sensitive to new risks, and to the effectiveness of current policies. Overcoming Barriers to M_o_R Any successful strategy requires thoughtful consideration of possible barriers to implementation. Common issues include: ? Established roles, responsibilities, accountabilities and ownership. ? An appropriate budget for embedding approach and carrying out activities. ? Adequate and accessible training, tools and techniques. Risk management orientation, induction and training processes. ? Regular assessment of M_o_R approach (including all of the above issues. Supportive Culture Risk management underpins many different areas and aspects of an organization’s activity. A supportive culture is essential for ensuring that everybody with risk management responsibilities feels confident rising, discussing and managing risks . A supportive risk management culture will also include evaluation and reward of risk management competencies for the appropriate individuals. Continual Improvement In an evolving organization, nothing stands still. An effective risk management policy includes the capacity for re-evaluation and improvement.At a practical level, this will require the nomination of an individual or a group of individuals to the responsibility of ensuring that risk management policies and procedures are up-to-date, as well as the establishment of regular review cycles of the organization’s risk management approach. Quality Management Procurement and Quality Process The art of project management calls for an increased vigil on quality and related processes. The project manager is expected to be aware of the best practices that are used for the project and is supposed to make sure that he or she adapts them to the use of project management. One area of concern nowadays is the absence of processes in procurement and staffing. These are areas of concern not only to the project manager but also to the organizations.There is a need to balance the requirements of the fast procurement and staffing cycle with that of proper processes to be followed. There has been much debate in many organizations about the lack of quality in recruitment and procurement. These twin areas of quality and procurement have the aspect of ruining the chances of a successful project and hence the project manager has a responsibility to steer the course and ensure that quality does not suffer. There are several areas of project management that need quality control and there are several benchmarks of quality that can be used to meet these standards. For instance, many organizations use Six Sigma and SEI CMM level processes to guide them in the art of quality and meeting quality specifications.These are just one instance of how the quality framework is used to differentiate between the processes that are er ror free and those that need revision and rework. Sampling method prescribed by Kaizen, Six Sigma etc can be used to improve the quality of the processes that are employed by the organizations. Kaizen, in particular relates to continuous improvement, a theme that would find resonance in the uber-competitive world of today. All organizations strive for quality and to find the edge that would differentiate those from others and thus these initiatives are the ones that the project manager must look forward to and implement them diligently in the workplace.To address the issues arising out of poor procurement and staffing practices, the project manager has to be in constant touch with one important stakeholder i. e. , the procurement and staffing teams and this is where the project manager is expected to show their level of competence by managing the procurement and staffing cycle. Quality Management Vs Quality Control Quality is defined as the degree to which the project meets the requ irements (PMBOK, 2009). The operative word here is meeting the requirements and hence anything that is done that is not conforming to the requirements is said to be deviating from the norm of quality. In the subsequent paragraphs, I look at the distinction between quality management and the processes of quality control.Quality management is the practice of drawing up plans that determine the standards that need to apply to the project, determining who would be involved in managing quality and their specific duties, meetings to determine if the project is conforming to the quality specifications laid out in the quality management plan and laying out the metrics that are used to measure quality. As defined by the PMBOK, Project Quality Management is the comprehensive plan that includes all the components of the quality planning process (PMBOK, 2009). Quality control, on the other hand, is the set of processes that measure the metrics of quality by assessing the specific project result s against standards.Quality control processes are done during project monitoring and controlling functions whereas quality management is done during the initiating and planning phase (PMBOK, 2009). Hence, quality control is the subset of quality management and is the final phase of the project management cycle. Quality management is all encompassing and consists of laying down standards against which the project quality metrics are defined and need to be measured against. Quality management takes into account the lower level details of how the output of the project is to be tracked and measured. Quality control is the process of ensuring that the quality metrics are met.Hence, while quality management is the process of planning and managing the requirements of the project from the perspective of quality, quality control is the process of measuring the level of output and the quality of the output and typically consists of measuring the output against the quality metrics that were de cided upon in the quality management plan. The reason that quality management and quality control are used interchangeably is due to the perception that quality control encompasses the planning aspect as well. This is certainly true in organizations that do not have a separate quality department and quality planning and quality control is the domain of the project management processes. In organizations that have separate quality departments and where there is a well thought out quality plan, quality management and quality control are separate and are handled by different people.In conclusion, quality management typically produces as its deliverables a comprehensive quality management plan that includes the quality control aspect of it. Quality control in this case is handled by a different set of people who do the tracking and measuring of metrics in a dedicated manner. Typically, the process of quality management includes the representatives from the quality department and the qual ity control processes are the reverse with the quality department handling the tracking of metrics and reporting to the project management team. Quality control is an independent audit of the quality of deliverables and is necessary for the sign off of the project. Deming's 14 Points and Quality Project ManagerQuality is misunderstood by many who think of it only as it relates to the final deliverable, but a quality product is itself achieved only through quality processes focused on efficiency, innovation, and continual improvement, and these require a quality management culture not only in our projects, but within our organizations. In chapter two of his 1986 book, Out of the Crisis, Edward Deming presented 14 principles that he believed could make industry more competitive by increasing quality. Organizational improvements can begin with anyone. While it's true that our professional domain as project managers is bounded by the project life cycle, our influence is often much great er than that, and quality management is one of those areas where skilled project managers are best suited to be instrumental change agents – first in the culture of their projects, and second, in the culture of their departments and organizations.As project managers, if we follow Deming's principles, we can create project environments where quality thrives, not only benefiting our customers and projects, but perhaps serving as a tipping point for effecting a quality management change within our organizations. 1. Create Constancy of Purpose towards Improvement Deming is telling management to stop reacting and plan better for the long-term. For project managers: What has been traditionally thought of as long-term planning is no longer achievable. Business changes too rapidly, and detailed, up-front plans take too long to produce and are always outdated by the time they're committed to paper.Yet projects must have a plan that establishes activities, milestones, and priorities, s o what we should strive for in our projects is thorough planning based on iterative, rolling-wave, or Agile approaches. Thorough planning uses detailed planning for the short-term with a longer-term view emphasizing constant reviews, re-planning, and risk management, especially for opportunities that can be exploited. This results in a project plan that can adapt quickly to abrupt business and deliverable changes without throwing the project into chaos. 2. Adopt the new Philosophy Deming is telling management to stop being hypocritical, awaken itself to the challenge, and become leaders.For project managers: People will always see through anyone who says one thing, but whose actions are entirely different. Lasting, energizing change starts first with us, and only then will it spread outward and excite others into action. As managers, our core values can't just be expressed through our words, but they must be evident in all our actions with our teams and coworkers. It takes time, but as our message and attitude spread to an ever-broadening base of people, a domino effect takes place and the members themselves become believers and evangelists in quality management themselves. 3. Cease Dependency on Inspection Deming is reminding management that the need for inspection will decrease if quality problems are prevented in the first place.For project managers: We all know that prevention is better than inspection, so our project management and execution processes need continual improvement methods built into them to reduce quality problems. But inspection goes beyond its purely quality connotations. Are we propagating a management style based on inspection? If our team has a tendency to run everything first past us for approval then we may be, and that isn't good for us, the team, or the project. Our responsibility as a project manager isn't to be the funnel through which everyone seeks approval. If that's what is happening then the project will stagnate and become i nflexible.Instead, let's make sure we create a project culture where the team has the skills, information, and experience it needs to make every-day, rapid decisions on its own. 4. End the Practice of Awarding Business on the Basis of Price Tags Deming's purpose behind this point was to eliminate variations in the manufacturing process by having too many suppliers of component goods. For project managers: Price alone should rarely be the determining factor because most procurement needs go beyond simple commodities. When a project is likely to involve frequent changes, we need vendors who can adapt or offer their own new ideas for responding to those changes, and that isn't likely to happen when cut-rate suppliers are chosen.This principle also holds true in our role as the vendor for internal or external customers. We are not just collectors of requirements – we need to be engaged with the customer and stakeholders, understanding their business objectives in order for us to provide the deliverable that best meets their changing needs. 5. Improve Constantly and Forever Deming is reminding industry leaders that they have to constantly strive to reduce variation, which leads to quality problems. For project managers: Continuous improvement is a core philosophy of the PMBOK, but it isn't like a switch that gets turned on or off. It's a mindset that is nurtured by the right environment.Members of the team need skills, information, and knowledge beyond their core subjects of expertise, and we should encourage experimentation and reward mistakes made in the search for innovation, which means we need to eliminate blame and ingrain the lessons-learned process in every part of the project. Large-scale improvements and innovative approaches often come from â€Å"amateurs† and not specialists because amateurs are driven by their interest in the subject and less wedded to preconceived notions and ideas. Chris Anderson, author of The Long Tail, says, â€Å"I 'll take a passionate amateur over a bored professional any day. † 6. Institute Training on the Job On-the-job training increases efficiency and results in job outputs with fewer errors. For project managers: Continuous improvement extends beyond just processes.It applies to the hard and soft skills, experiences, and knowledge of the entire project team. Professional development, coaching, and mentoring should be encouraged, acknowledged, and rewarded. Training doesn't have to be expensive, and it doesn't have to be formalised. Some of the best training experiences involve group-led efforts that also serve as team building exercises, such as Webinars, vendor demonstrations, and specific discussions on best practices. 7. Institute Leadership Deming wants management to be leaders not merely supervisors. For project managers: The problem on most projects is not a lack of management but a lack of leadership.Leadership is more about people skills than about project management skill s. Few projects have sponsors that view themselves as the leader on the project, and if the leadership charge is not picked up by the project manager then the project is not likely to be successful. A leader translates the project's vision into actions that excite, inspire, and motivate the project team, and he or she is able to instil a perception that the project isn't just creating a deliverable; it's accomplishing something phenomenal for the customer. 8. Drive out Fear Deming tells us that management by fear or punishment is detrimental because it inhibits questions and ideas from the workforce.For project managers: Fear stifles two cornerstones of quality – innovation and continual improvement. A fearful team isn't going to generate new ideas and it's going to hide its mistakes, leading to a poor lessons learned process. Deming's point goes beyond what most of us associate with fear. Fear is also that little voice all of us hear that suppresses us from speaking up or sh aring ideas – fear of failing, fear of sounding silly, fear of making a mistake, fear of missing a deadline, fear of stepping on another's toes, and so on. Yet these fears are just as detrimental to quality as fear of punishment. It's a lack of trust between team members and in the project's leadership that drives these fears.If we improve trust, team members will be more willing to share their ideas and question existing processes. 9. Break Down Barriers Between Staff Areas Deming wants everyone to realise that each person is a customer of someone and that everybody is a supplier to somebody. For project managers: Silos and a rigid hierarchy are dangerous not only to the project, but to the organisation. Innovation and continual improvement come about by somebody seeing a connection that is not inherently obvious, and connections can't be discovered when one is stuck behind artificial barriers. We can help break those barriers by exposing people to diverse situations outside their normal environment and comfort zones.Though there is a short-term productivity loss when people work outside their specialty, there is a longer-term gain for the project and organisation. This strategy helps build a larger pool of â€Å"generalists† in many subjects, and new experiences are a powerful motivator for many people. This approach also improves opportunities for innovative approaches and is a risk management strategy should key personnel leave the project. 10. Eliminate Slogans, Exhortations, and Targets for the Work Force Slogans imply the problem is with the employees, but the real problem is with the process. For project managers: The first point we have to accept is that we are responsible for problems within the project, whatever those issues might be.It isn't the team's fault, the customer's fault, or the organisation's fault – it's our fault. The root causes of most project problems are deficiencies in communication, scope, requirements, activi ty definitions, project planning and re-planning, risk management, and stakeholder involvement. All of these are within our professional domain even if we aren't the ones personally performing them. It's our responsibility to make sure the project processes are performed effectively to a level appropriate for the project. 11. Eliminate Management by Objectives Setting production targets only encourages people to meet those targets through whatever means necessary, which causes poor quality.For project managers: On the surface this principle probably sounds like heresy to most of us – how can a project be managed if targets aren't set? Well, it can't, but that wasn't Deming's point. He's talking about short-sighted versus thorough planning. Setting targets in response to a problem without first understanding and addressing the root causes in the processes will only lead to more quality problems. Milestones are the predominant targets for projects, and they need to be challengi ng to motivate the team, but they have to be achievable and flexible. Yet flexibility is one of the most common scheduling failures a project manager makes, especially on projects that are very iterative and involve rolling wave planning.As these projects progress, milestones have to be continually reassessed, and this often means that the original dates get pushed. Too many of us perceive these readjustments as â€Å"missing our target† because we're too married to dates that were only best-guesses or top-down estimates set early in project planning. We also should be careful to present milestone dates to stakeholders as estimates and help them understand the iterative nature of these kinds of projects – as the project is better understood and the work needed becomes clearer, milestone dates may change. 12. Remove Barriers to Pride of Workmanship Deming tells us that nobody feels good about producing shoddy work.When management creates an environment that fosters poor quality, employees are frustrated. For project managers: Recognising the team and individuals for their contributions and achievements helps instil pride of workmanship. Everyone on the project team should feel that his or her work is recognised and valuable to the project's success. Sincere appreciation is one of the easiest and cheapest yet most effective motivating agents we can use. Even â€Å"failures† and mistakes are achievements as long as there were valuable lessons learned. 13. Institute Education and Self-Improvement Deming wants everyone, managers and the workforce, to pursue training, education, and self-improvement.For project managers: Ongoing professional development is expected of certified project managers, but we should also expect and encourage it among our team and coworkers. Nearly every profession has its own certification and continuing education requirements, and our team members will appreciate it if we have a general understanding of their professi on's requirements, recognise them for certification efforts, and help them with opportunities for meeting those requirements. 14. The Transformation is Everyone's Job Deming says that everyone is involved in the fixing the processes. For project managers: This one is easy if we've done everything else right because all the other principles will result in quality management culture where everyone is involved in continual improvement and innovation.Having experienced first-hand a quality management experience, the people on our team will in turn spread those ideas to other project teams. Communications Management Having good communication skills is one of the key abilities of a project manager. However, this fact is frequently overlooked when choosing the ideal candidate for that position. Moreover, it is not emphasized as much as it should in most project management training programs. Thus, many times we find project managers with excellent management and technical skills but which a re really not-that-good communicators. Why is it so important? First of all, because a good leader should be a great communicator in order to lead and motivate his or her team, as we have discussed before.This is something that not only applies to the members of the team but to all the stakeholders of the project. A project manager has to be aware that all of them have different profiles and interests, and that it requires from him or her great ability to adapt the message to each one. Communication principles Good communication should be based on accuracy, clarity, transparency and interaction. Accuracy has to do with the detail and scope of the information that is being transmitted. The project manager must be able to provide the information that is needed for everyone within and outside the team. Sometimes excessively detailed information may divert attention from the main message and can lead the interlocutor to confusion.Mostly, the communication with the team should focus on t he objectives, and the plan to take to achieve them. While, for example, information that is provided to clients will focus on the requirements of the project and its evolution. To ensure information clarity, the language is a crucial thing and the project manager must perfectly handle all its variants. Generally, it will be common to use a more technical and specific language within the team, and a more formal style if the message is addressed to a client or a company directive. Transparency has a direct impact on the project manager’s credibility. A project manager’s honesty should be beyond doubt, and so, he or she has to provide continuous communication about the problems that arise.The last principle, but not a less important one is interaction. Communication cannot be unidirectional. In all situations, with any type of interlocutor, the project manager must be open to dialogue. He or she has to know how to both ask and listen in order to get accurate information that can be relevant in later decisions. It is essential to have continuous communication with all parties involved in the project. To help project manager with this, Doolphy, as an online project management tool, helps project manager to centralize all project information and adjust the access to each kind of user. Top Five Communication Skills for Project Managers 1.Active Listening In first place is project manager ability to listen to and understand others. Listening to the words and the meaning behind their words, not interrupting or letting our minds wander, asking questions to check understanding, observing non-verbal signals. According to Indian project manager Nirav Patel CAPM: â€Å"The benefits include getting people to open up and due to that lots of misunderstandings and conflicts can be resolved. † 2. Building Relationships based on Trust and Respect Trust and respect are the cornerstones of personal relationships. They are earned not a right and come from exper ience of our honesty, integrity and expertise.Among the characteristics people used to determine project manager credibility are truthfulness, openness, willingness to share ideas and information freely, consistency, reliability, loyalty, capabilities and competence. â€Å"Trust encourages people to propose ideas, suggest ways to enhance work, speak of their concerns and give advice,† says Dubai-based Kareem Shaker PMP. 3. Setting Clear Priorities In third spot is a project manager's ability to convey the strategy for their team – by setting goals, planning and prioritizing. This is the what, who, when, where, why and how of the project. Team members should understand both the big picture and the lower level technical priorities. â€Å"Essentially this is what a project manager does.If you can't do it you won't get everybody working on the same page,† says Australian Paul Ramussen. 4. Enabling Collaboration In a collaborative environment team members support and encourage each other rather than focusing solely on their own tasks and responsibilities. They are willing to co-operate and share information, ideas and assets to help each other. The result can be greater than the sum of its parts. â€Å"When we collaborate we get the 1Ãâ€"1=3 effect. Things happen that might not have if people had remained focused on their own work,† says American Adam Michaelson PMP. 5. Conveying the Organisation's Vision Contract In Project Management Project Contract TypesExplaining the bigger picture helps team members understand where the project fits within the overall aims of your business unit and organization. Senior executives are focused on the triple bottom line – finances, environment, reputation – this is where they expect your project to make a difference. American Jhaymee Wilson PMP says: â€Å"As project managers if we can't convey the link between our project and the organization how can we show we are delivering value? à ¢â‚¬  This article is based on research among project managers from around the world and was originally published as Five Essential Rules for Project Leaders on the PMI Career Central website. Introduction:In the world of business, contracts are used for establishing business deals and partnerships. The parties involved in the business engagement decide the type of the contract. Usually the type of the contract used for the business engagement varies depending on the type of the work and the nature of the industry. The contract is simply an elaborated agreement between two or more parties. One or more parties may provide products or services in return to something provided by other parties (client). The contract type is the key relationship between the parties engaged in the business and the contract type determines the project risk. Example most widely used contract types:Fixed Price (Lump Sum) This is the simplest type of all contracts. The terms are quite straightforward and eas y to understand. To put in simple, the service provider agrees to provide a defined service for a specific period of time and the client agrees to pay a fixed amount of money for the service. This contract type may define various milestones for the deliveries as well as KPIs (Key Performance Indicators). In addition, the contractor may have an acceptance criteria defined for the milestones and the final delivery. The main advantage of this type of contract is that the contractor knows the total project cost before the project commences.Unit Price In this model, the project is divided into units and the charge for each unit is defined. This contract type can be introduced as one of the more flexible methods compared to fixed price contract. Usually the owner (contractor/client) of the project decides on the estimates and asks the bidders to bid of each element of the project. After bidding, depending on the bid amounts and the qualifications of bidders, the entire project may be give n to the same services provider or different units may be allocated to different services providers. This is a good approach when different project units require different expertise to complete. Cost PlusIn this contract model, the services provider is reimbursed for their machinery, labour, and other costs, in addition to contractor paying an agreed fee to the services provider In this method, the services provider should offer a detailed schedule and the resource allocation for the project. Apart from that, all the costs should be properly listed and should be reported to the contractor periodically. The payments maybe paid by the contractor at a certain frequency (such as monthly, quarterly) or by the end of milestones. Incentive Incentive contracts are usually used when there is some level of uncertainty in the project cost. Although there are nearly-accurate estimations, the technological challenges may impact on the overall resources as well as the effort.This type of contract s is common for the projects involving pilot programs or the project that harness new technologies. There are three cost factors in an Incentive contract; target price, target profit, and the maximum cost. The main mechanism of Incentive contract is to divide any target price overrun between the client and the services provider in order to minimize the business risks for both parties. Retainer (Time and Material – T&M) This is one of the most beautiful engagements that can get into by two or more parties. This engagement type is the most risk-free type where the time and material used for the project are priced. The contractor only requires knowing the time and material for the project in order to make the payments.This type of contracts has short delivery cycles and for each cycle separate estimates are sent of the contractor. Once the contractor signs off the estimate and Statement of Work (SOW), the services provider can start work. Unlike most of the other contract types, retainer contracts are mostly used for long-term business engagements. Percentage of Construction Fee This type of contracts is used for engineering projects. Based on the resources and material required, the cost for the construction is estimated. Then, the client contracts a service provider and pays a percentage of the cost of the project as the fee for the services provider. As an example, take the scenario of constructing a house. Assume that the estimate comes up to $230,000.When this project is contracted to a services provider, the client may agree to pay 30% of the total cost as the construction fee, which comes up to $69,000. Conclusion Selecting the contract type is the most crucial step of establishing a business agreement with another party. This step determines the possible engagement risks. Therefore, companies should get into contracts where there is a minimum risk for their business. It is always a good idea to engage in fixed bids (fixed priced) whenever the proje ct is short-termed and predictable. If the project nature is exploratory, it is always best to adopt retainer or cost plus contract types. Contract Project Management ServicesContracting a project management professional to manage a project offers advantages in leadership, experience and cost savings. Yet