Wednesday, November 27, 2019
Compartment syndrome Essay Example
Compartment syndrome Essay COMPARTMENT SYNDROME    Page 1     Compartment syndrome is a condition that occurs when the pressure in an anatomical compartment increases due to swelling which can cause damage to the muscles and the nerves. As the pressure increases, it cuts off circulation and starves the muscle and nerve cells. This can cause temporary or even permanent damage and as a result, the affected area can develop paralysis. In severe cases, amputation of the limb may be required or the end result could be death. We will write a custom essay sample on Compartment syndrome specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Compartment syndrome specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Compartment syndrome specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer     Compartment syndrome is classified in two different forms. It can be chronic compartment syndrome which is a common ailment among athletes due to exercise and physical activity. The other form is acute compartment syndrome that is a medical emergency, generally trauma induced, where time is of the essence.     Compartment syndrome most commonly affects the lower leg and forearm, although it can occur in the foot, thigh, hand and upper arm.     The first case of chronic compartment syndrome of the leg was diagnosed by Mavor in 1956. Over the next twenty years, only nine other cases were of chronic compartment syndrome were reported. But as physical fitness became more of a trend and grew in popularity, chronic compartment syndrome became a more significant problem.     Chronic compartment syndrome generally occurs in the legs as a result of steady exercise or running. This can generate a constant pressure to the areas in the anterior or lateral compartments. Exertion can cause the muscles to swell and expand forcing pressure within the compartment. Most often this occurs in the lower leg and can usually be relieved with plenty of rest, applying ice and elevation of the affected area. Compression is not to be applied.                                                                          COMPARTMENT SYNDROME    Page 2     Pain and swelling are the primary symptoms in chronic compartment syndrome and it can last for weeks and even months. Diagnosing chronic compartment syndrome can be done by testing the pressure in the compartment with a handheld pressure catheter provided the condition exists within the anterior compartment. If the problem is deeper into the posterior compartment, it is more difficult to test because the area is harder to reach. Doctors measure the pressure before a person exercises, then one minute after exercise and finally five minutes after the exercise. If the pressure has not decreased, compartment syndrome is the likely diagnosis.     Thallium stress testing is another test used to detect chronic compartment syndrome. In this test, thallium is injected intravenously into the body as the patient undergoes various forms of exercise. By use of this form of testing, multiple compartments can be found to be affected as was proven in some cases. This test, however, does not indicate the extent of the condition.     In chronic compartment syndrome, the patient often feels a numbness or tingling when moving the affected area. This usually subsides once the movement ceases but the pressure inside the compartment has the potential to still remain high afterwards.     Treatment for chronic compartment syndrome rarely requires surgery. Doctors suggest rest and avoiding activity, especially anything strenuous or physical involving the affected limb. Ice and elevation are recommended and the patient is to take aspirin or ibuprofen to reduce the inflammation.     Should this type of treatment fail, a fasciotomy is recommended. Fasciotomy is a surgical procedure involving the fascia, or fibrous tissue that surrounds the muscle. The fascia is cut to relieve the pressure in the compartment. The procedure has a high rate of success but many patients require skin grafts to heal the surgery site.     Chronic compartment syndrome can result from running, a change in physical activity, exercise without proper stretching, the use of braces and wrapping or taping a limb too tight.     Acute compartment syndrome is the more severe form of this injury. It is generally caused due to some sort of trauma to the compartment. Bone fractures, tearing the muscle itself, blood clots and blockages, extreme workouts, anabolic steroid use and crush injuries are typical causes of this condition.     While chronic compartment syndrome is not a life-threatening medical emergency, acute compartment syndrome is extremely dangerous. It allows a four to eight hour window in which the pressure of the severe swelling can kill off all of the capillaries and muscle and nerve cells in the compartment.     Once this happens, the limb would have to be amputated or eventually death would occur from a lack of oxygen. When acute compartment syndrome occurs from a bone fracture in the leg or arm, the limb should not be casted until the pressure stabilizes. A splint should be applied until the swelling recedes.      If acute compartment syndrome is not diagnosed in time and the cells in the compartment die off, infection and gangrene will set in. This would be the reason that amputation would be needed. Renal failure is another likely result. The tissue and nerve cells can survive for up to four hours before the damage becomes irreversible.     Compartment syndrome is a condition that needs to be monitored closely for several days following the initial injury. A patient is still at high risk for three to six days after the initial cause of swelling in the compartment. In severe cases, a hospital stay is required to record the frequent examinations and pressure measurements. Some studies show that maximum swelling due to an injury may take 21 to 36 hours to peak. This is one of the reasons that rest is particularly important because any slight increase in pressure can trigger the need for emergency surgery.     Since pain is common with any injury but also a major symptom in acute compartment syndrome, it can be interpreted wrong, tolerated and remain undiagnosed. The pain level with acute compartment syndrome is severe. As pressure builds in the compartment, the feeling is very tight. Movement can be excruciating as the pressure compresses against the muscle. Skin will feel stretched and the affected area can experience a tingling or burning sensation. Patients will also feel a palpitation in the area.     Once the pressure is tested in the compartment and diagnosis is confirmed, treatment begins with complete rest, ice and elevation. During this time the muscle will feel tight and the pain will be severe. Compartment pressures must be monitored and when the readings maintain a high number, emergency surgery is required.     During the fasciotomy, a long incision is made in the fascia to release the pressure. The wound is covered with a dressing and left open for 48 to 72 hours before closure. Due to this nature, skin grafts are often required to close the wound.    Acute compartment syndrome is a typical injury of motorcycle riders as a result of being run over by the bikes, thus crushing an arm or a leg. COMPARTMENT SYNDROME    Page 5     Football players also tend to be prone to acute compartment syndrome from injuries received by hard hits when helmets come in contact with the thigh during a tackle. If these injuries are not treated properly with acute compartment syndrome taken into consideration, the result can be permanent paralysis of the limb.     Compartment syndrome does not just affect running athletes and trauma victims. Bodybuilders and bowlers often suffer from a tightening of the muscle in the wrist. This is more commonly known as carpal tunnel syndrome. It is also a medical condition that is common among writers and typists or anyone who performs repetitive motions with their fingers and wrists. Carpal tunnel syndrome affects the muscles in the wrist creating a compartment syndrome.     There needs to be more of an awareness made on the symptoms, treatment and severity of compartment syndrome. People sometimes shake the signs off as a complication from the injury, expecting pain and swelling. Medical personnel involved in treating motorcycle riders and athletes should understand the depth of the injury because in the case of compartment syndrome, time is critical. REFERENCES Medline Plus (04/05/07) Medical Encyclopedia: Compartment Syndrome. Retrieved 4/12/07 fom http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001224.htm Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America (02/05). Compartment Syndrome. Retrieved 4/13/07 from http://orthoinfo.aaos.org Swain, R. MD and Ross, D. MD 03/99. Lower Extremity Compartment Syndrome. Retrieved 04/13/07 from http://www.postgradmed.com/issues/1999/03_99/swain.htm Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. (2007) Compartment Syndrome. Retrieved 4/12/07 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compartment_syndrome
Sunday, November 24, 2019
La Belle Dame sans Merci and The Eve of St Agnes Essay Example
La Belle Dame sans Merci and The Eve of St Agnes Essay Example La Belle Dame sans Merci and The Eve of St Agnes Paper La Belle Dame sans Merci and The Eve of St Agnes Paper Essay Topic: Fanny Hill Literature The poet John Keats, inspired by the sentimental nature of his unrequited love for Fanny and the depression he felt due to the death of his mother and his brother, wrote both ballads using the key theme of time, to engage the listener. The use of tenses links succinctly in with Keats use of time. The change of tenses throughout La Belle Dame, whereby the first three verses are set in the present tense, no birds sing, verses four to eleven are set in the past, I met a lady and verse twelve is again set in the present, no birds sing. The effect of this as well as the first and last verse including, Alone and palely loitering, is to create a circular chronological structure. This represents a question asked and answered within the poem and a feeling of entrapment within a cycle of death and love (key themes featuring in Keats poetry, and contextually in his life). Moreover, the lack of future tense suggests to the listener that there is to be no future and hence no hope adding to the melancholy mood produced by Keats. Conversely, Keats uses a linear chronology in the past tense throughout The Eve of St Agnes, How changed, in order to construct an ordered narrative. This separates the feel of both poems, distinguishing one (Eve of St Agnes) as more story-like than the symbolic other (La Belle Dame). This also infers to the listener that Keats use of time was a deliberate endeavour within his poetry and not simply the standard arrangement of poetic literature of the time. The use of seasons and the weather conditions in La Belle Dame create the ambiance and atmosphere of the poem. As the squirrels granary is full dictating that the harvests done and that the agricultural labouring and gathering of the summer growth is complete, this implies the beginning of autumn, leading on to winter, cold hills side, and the cold, desolation of the surroundings that is associated with it. This use of pathetic fallacy warns the listener for what is to come later in the poem, adding to the sense of intrigue and mystery. However, whilst he is with her, summer is inferred via the use of sensual floral references, garland for her head (touch), fragrant zone (smell), suggesting the warmth and intimacy of his feelings for her. This atmospheric separation between the seasons intensifies the loneliness and suffering of the knight after his meeting with her, alone and palely loitering. The Eve of St Agnes also uses a wintry setting, bitter chill, trembling [ frozen grass, frosted breath, yet this is used to conjure the symbolism of God and Madelines familys disapproval of their courtship. This creates the impression of a higher power perhaps scrutinising Porphyro and Madelines doings; Porphyros inner thoughts, fears and paranoia. Similarly, Keats use of the Moon represents the urgency of Porphyros passion, particularly as the moon is commonly associated with its lunar calendar, in which he has to capture Madeline before his opportunity is lost, Ive mickle time to grieve, an expression of his determination. Both poems create a medieval scene, La Belle Dame; knight-at-arms, pale warriors, faerys child, pacing steed, Eve of St Agnes; lofty plume (reference to a knights helmet), witchs sieve, liege-lord, Elves and Fays, wolves and bears, Merlin, Dame, maiden, queens and kings, mermaid, Beadsman, via a plague of fairy tale characters, having the effect of setting up both poems for an atmosphere of a differing time period to that in which Keats wrote the poems. This creates a historical parallel between the world Keats imagined within the medieval Romeo and Juliet-esque time period and his own affairs and thoughts of Fanny. In addition to this, the use of archaic language such as, La Belle Dame; steed, woebegone and Eve of St Agnes; thy, thee, Quoth, help create the practicality and realism within these imaginary characters and historical scenarios. Unlike the more untouched setting of La Belle Dame, the sedge has withered from the lake, Castle imagery is extensively used in The Eve of St Agnes; arched way, dusky gallery, chamber, balustrade, citadel, carved angels, level chambers, portraying the scene within the listeners minds eye. In addition, The Eve of St Agnes is written in Spenserian stanzas, adding to the medieval feel of the poem (Spenser invented the term Spenserian stanza to be used within his epic, medieval poem, The Faerie Queen). The use of an irregular rhyme scheme in The Eve of St Agnes- Iambic pentameter except for last line which is iambic hexameter suggests an ongoing narrative throughout as well as displaying the infrequency of the pagan Eve of St Agnes feast (whereby virgins may see their future husbands). Also, syndetic listing is included within the caesura, and sleep, and dream creating a rhythm comparable to that of a heart beat, in order to show how Porphyros fear creates a slow motion of time and an increased physical and sexual awareness, as he prepares to witness Madeline. La Belle Dame involves a similar rhyme scheme iambic tetrameter except for the last line of each stanza that are of varying length this variation of length represents the abrupt change in the relationship/ knights life, as the listener, lulled into a security within the regularity, is subconsciously disturbed by a change in rhyme in verse nine. Overall, the use of time in both poems aids the in-depth view into Keats life and emotional workings. Ultimately, it is his use of archaisms that create the setting, yet it is his use of tenses, seasons, rhythm and rhyme scheme that imply the subtleties of The Eve of St Agnes and La Belle Dame sans Merci.
Thursday, November 21, 2019
Education to Children of Illegal Immigrants Essay
Education to Children of Illegal Immigrants - Essay Example At the height of immigration to North America, the country coined the title â€Å"land of opportunity.†Denying free education to children of illegal immigrants defies the American dream and the hopes that people had for the new country (Schrag, 2010). Free education for all was the main factor that differentiated America from other European nations. American progress and development was based on the government’s ability to create uniformity among its citizens through free education for all. The American legal system recognizes a child as a person who is below the age of 18 years. Such individuals are not entitled to voting or making major decisions concerning their life. In addition, the US is a leading nation in terms of respect for human rights. It is evident that most children are illegal immigrants out of their own choice. Most of the children were born when their parents had already immigrated to the country. Thus, these children cannot be identified as illegal im migrants since they did not make a choice to be in the country. The government should respect their rights to free education until they are old enough to make concrete decisions about their citizenship. The American government should consider the long-term impacts of denying free education to the immigrants. Obviously, most immigrants have hopes of becoming legal citizens of the United States. If the government continuously denies education to its citizens based on their migration status, the country will experience an education gap (Hing, 2004). Education is a major factor in the country’s development, and hence the country should not tolerate illiteracy. Denying education to such children will create long-term economic hardships for the country. Educating children prevents them from... The American government should consider the long-term impacts of denying free education to the immigrants. Obviously, most immigrants have hopes of becoming legal citizens of the United States. If the government continuously denies education to its citizens based on their migration status, the country will experience an education gap (Hing, 2004). Education is a major factor in the country’s development, and hence the country should not tolerate illiteracy. Denying education to such children will create long-term economic hardships for the country. Educating children prevents them from engaging in other social evils such as crime, drug abuse, and terrorism. Therefore, the government should provide free education to the children of illegal immigrants to promote their integration into the American society.America has a global obligation that goes beyond its domestic affairs. However, due to economic constraints, America often overlooks its global obligations. America’s in volvement in global politics and economics has made the country a key factor in promoting stability and development. Since the end of World War II, the United States has been involved in all conflicts around the world. Most of these conflicts create immigrants, most of whom end up in America. For instance, the Cold War forced many people from former Soviet states to immigrate to America for fear of persecution. Lack of proper immigration policies made most of the immigrants end up in America as illegal immigrants.
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